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2026 黄金知识汇编(英语基础与写作)

2026 广东专插本 · 英语基础与写作 · 高频考点速记(黄金知识汇编整理版)

2026 黄金知识汇编(英语基础与写作)

本页由《2026 广东专插本 · 英语基础与写作 · 黄金知识汇编》PDF 文字稿整理而成:第一编 语法(18 章)+ 翻译 + 写作,去除页码与推广信息,例句与翻译对照保留原稿。


第一编 语法

第一章 句子概况

考点1. 基本句型

要点

  • 一个句子有且只能有一个谓语动词(黄金原则)。由于动词种类不同,构成 5 种基本句型(Basic Patterns of Sentences):
句型举例
主语 + 不及物动词(主谓结构)She leaves.
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语(主谓宾结构)Lucy loves Tom.
主语 + 系动词 + 表语(主系表结构)Lucy is Tom's wife.
主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语(主谓双宾结构)Lucy gives Tom a hug.
主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(主谓宾补结构)Lucy finds the book interesting.

考点2. 句子成分

要点

  1. 必要成分(主干):主语、谓语;可能有的成分:宾语、表语、补语、修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语)。
  2. 各成分简述:

(1) 主语(Subject):句子说明的人或事物;可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句和短语等担任。

  • The sun rises in the east.(名词)
  • He likes dancing.(代词)
  • Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)
  • Seeing is believing.(动名词)
  • To see is to believe.(不定式)
  • What he needs is a book.(从句)
  • It is very clear that the elephant is tall like a tree.(It 作形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)

形式主语与真实主语:主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时,常放在句尾,用 it 代替其原位置,it 称为形式主语,被放句尾的原主语为真实主语。

  • It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。
  • It is very clear that the elephant is tall like a tree. 很明显,大象像一棵树一样高。

(2) 谓语(Predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征;通常放在主语后面,有人称、数、时态和语态变化。分简单谓语(由动词或动词词组组成)和复合谓语(由情态动词或助动词组成)。

  • I saw the flag on the top of the hill.(简单谓语)
  • He looked after two orphans.(简单谓语)
  • He can speak English well.(复合谓语)
  • She doesn't seem to like dancing.(复合谓语)

(3) 宾语(Object):动作的承受者或对象。

  • 由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等充当,位于及物动词后:I like China. / He hates you. / How many do you need? — We need two. / I enjoy working with you. / I hope to see you again. / Did you write down what he said?
  • 介宾:由介词后的名词、代词、动名词等作宾语:Are you afraid of the snake? / Under the snow, there are many rocks.
  • 双宾语:间接宾语(指人或动物,Indirect Object)和直接宾语(指事或物,Direct Object):He gave me (Indirect Object) a book (Direct Object) yesterday.

(4) 补语(Complement):补充说明主语或宾语的行为、状态、身份、特征等;由名词、形容词、动名词、介词短语、非谓语动词、分词等充当。分主语补足语和宾语补足语。

  • 主语补足语(对主语的补充):He was elected monitor.(名词)/ He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(不定式)
  • 宾语补足语(说明宾语的身份和状态,使句意完整):We elected him monitor.(名词)/ We will make them happy.(形容词)/ Please make yourself at home.(介词短语)/ Do not let him do that.(省 to 不定式)

(5) 定语(Attribute):修饰或限定名词或代词;可由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、从句等担任。

  • Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
  • He is our friend.(代词)

(6) 状语(Adverbial):修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句充当,说明时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。

  • I will go there tomorrow.(表示时间)
  • The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.(表示地点)

(7) 表语(Predicative):说明主语的身份、性质、品性、状态和特征;由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等充当,常位于系动词后。

  • He is a teacher.(名词)
  • Five and five is ten.(数词)
  • 常见系动词:sound(听起来),look(看起来),feel(摸起来/感觉),smell(闻起来),taste(尝/吃起来),remain(保持,仍是)等。
  • It sounds a good idea. / Tom looks thin.

(8) 同位语(Appositive):以一个名词解释说明另一个名词;由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当,一般紧跟其说明的名词之后。

  • Lucy, my friend, is a teacher.(名词)

第二章 主谓一致

考点1. 名词

知识点1. 名词的定义与分类

名词指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物,在句中通常作主语和宾语。按词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词;普通名词又可分为可数的个体名词和集体名词,以及不可数的物质名词和抽象名词。

类别意义例词
专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Shanghai
可数名词-个体名词表示单个个体或事物cat, factor
可数名词-集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称human, family
不可数名词-物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, air, ice
不可数名词-抽象名词表示抽象概念的词peace, love, happiness

知识点2. 可数名词复数转化规则

单数表示"一个",数量为"二"或以上用复数形式,一般在单数后加 -s 或 -es。

(1) 规则变化:

  • ① 一般名词直接加 -s:map→maps, bag→bags, book→books
  • ② 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾加 -es:bus→buses, watch→watches, box→boxes
  • ③ 以 f 或 fe 结尾,大部分变 f/fe 为 ves:half→halves, knife→knives
  • ④ 以辅音字母+y 结尾,变 y 为 i 加 es;以元音字母+y 结尾直接加 s:baby→babies, family→families, study→studies
  • ⑤ 以 o 结尾,有生命的加 -es,无生命的加 -s:hero→heroes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes

(2) 不规则变化:

  • ox→oxen, basis→bases, medium→media
  • 某些元音改变:a→e:man→men, woman→women, policeman→policemen;oo→ee:goose→geese, foot→feet, tooth→teeth
  • 特殊变化:mouse→mice
  • 词尾加 -en/-ren:child→children, ox→oxen
  • 单复数相同:Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
  • 一般以复数形式出现:成双/成对/两个以上部分搭配构成的事物:trousers, clothes, glasses, compasses, shoes, shorts
  • 复数形式表特别含义:arms(武器),times(时代),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),means(方法),works(作品)
  • 一些集体名词形式上是单数但用作复数:people, police, cattle, staff

复合名词复数:

  • 写成一个词且不含连字符的,通常在第二部分加复数词尾:bathroom→bathrooms, blackboard→blackboards
  • 分开写且第一部分为 man/woman 时,两部分都要变复数:woman writer→women writers
  • 有连字符的复合名词,含生命名词在其后加复数词尾;无生命名词在整个词末加:looker-on→lookers-on, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups, go-between→go-betweens

易错点

  • 物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词,不能用 a/an 修饰,也无复数形式;但有时可作普通名词而具可数性质。
    • 表种类时:I like eating fish.(表鱼肉,不可数)/ There are various kinds of fishes in the pool.(强调种类,可数)
    • 固定搭配中作可数名词:have a cold(感冒),have a rest/break(休息)

知识点3. 复合名词的复数形式

(1) "man/woman + 名词"构成的复合名词,两个词都要变复数:man teacher→men teachers, woman doctor→women doctors (2) "名词 + 名词"构成的复合词,将后一个名词变复数(man 和 woman 除外):boy friend→boy friends, paper bag→paper bags (3) 以 -man, -woman, -child 结尾的复合名词,只需变词尾(German 为例外):policeman→policemen, fireman→firemen (4) "名词 + 其他"构成的复合名词,核心词变复数:passer-by→passers-by, mother-in-law→mothers-in-law (5) 无核心词的复合名词,在词尾变复数:grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys

知识点4. 集体名词的数

(1) 通常作复数的集体名词:police, cattle, clergy, vermin。作主语时谓语动词通常用复数。

  • The police are looking for him. 警察当局正在找他。
  • The cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. 牛给我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。

(2) 既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词:people, herd, team, council, firm, board, government, crew, company, group, flock, crowd 等。当作一个整体时用作单数(常与 the 连用);若考虑各个成员时看作复数。

  • The jury consists of 7 people. 陪审团由 7 个人组成。

知识点5. 名词所有格

名词所有格表示所属关系,分为 -'s 所有格、of 所有格和双重所有格三种。

(1) -'s 所有格:

  • 直接加在表示有生命的名词后,单数名词加 's,词尾有 s 的复数名词或专有名词后直接加 ':Peter's book, the boy's toy, the teachers' books
  • 也可用于表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构、度量衡、价值等非生命事物:without a moment's hesitation, New York's population
  • 用于表示店铺、某人家等名词后,一般省略所修饰名词:at the doctor's, my grandfather's
  • 表示各自所属,各词尾分别加 's;表示共同所属,只在最后一个词尾加 's:Mark's and Sam's beds(两人各有一张床)/ Mark and Sam's room(两人同住一个房间)

(2) of 所有格:

  • 无生命所有格一般用 "of + 名词":the eye of the beauty, the gate of the school, the windows of the house, the name of the book
  • 名词或修饰语较长时,有生命的东西也可用 of:the speech of President Roosevelt
  • 表示"某人的家""店铺"等处所的所有格后名词常省略:at Mr. Wen's, at the barber's

(3) 双重所有格:

  • 's 所有格和 of 所有格结合,构成 "of + 所有格",通常表示部分概念。
  • a friend of my sister's(我姐姐的某一个朋友,很多朋友中的一个)
  • a picture of her mother's(她妈妈的一张照片,许多张照片中的一张)

考点2. 主谓一致的具体应用

主谓一致指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致,依据语法一致、意义一致和就近三条原则。

知识点1. 语法一致

(1) 单数名词后谓语用单数,复数名词后谓语用复数。

  • The results of the examination show that you have all made good progress. 考试结果表明你们都取得了很大的进步。

(2) as well as, as much as, along with, together with, rather than, but, with, except, besides 等连接时,谓语动词的数与最前面的主语保持一致。

  • The teacher as well as the students has seen the film. 老师和学生都看过这部电影。

(3) and 连接并列主语,谓语通常用复数;但下列情况用单数:

  • ① and 连接的并列主语指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念;
  • ② and 连接的并列名词有 each, every, no 或 many a 等修饰时。
  • In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 我们国家每一个孩子,不管男女,都有受教育的权利。

(4) 其他:

  • ① 不定式、动名词(短语)、"疑问词/Whether + to do"和从句作主语时,谓语常用单数。从句作主语时,若主句为系表结构,主句谓语的数通常由表语名词或代词决定。
    • What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another. 应该做什么和应该怎样做是完全不同的两个问题。
  • ② "分数/百分数 + of + 名词"作主语时,谓语与 of 后名词的数保持一致。
    • Eighty-five percent of the students in our school are girls. 我们学校 85% 的学生都是女生。
  • ③ "a number of + 名词"作主语,谓语用复数;"the number of + 名词"作主语,谓语用单数。
    • A number of children were playing in the park. 许多孩子在公园里玩耍。
    • The number of students in this school is rather small. 这个学校里学生的数量很少。

知识点2. 意义一致

看主语的内容或意义表达的是单数还是复数。 (1) 集体名词作主语,强调整体用单数,强调个体用复数。常见:committee, family, group, class, army, enemy 等。

  • My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。
  • My family all like comedies. 我全家人都爱看喜剧。
  • 单复数同形的名词作主语,谓语单复数视意义而定。

(2) 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的词语作主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语用单数。

  • Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me. 对我来说,十五英里似乎是一段很长的路。

知识点3. 就近原则

谓语动词与最近的名词保持一致。 (1) 由 or, either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but also..., not...but... 等连接并列主语时,遵循就近原则。

  • Either he or I am wrong. 不是他错,就是我错。
  • Mary or you are to blame for the fault. 要么玛丽要么你该为这个错误负责。

(2) there be 句型的谓语单复数与离其最近的主语保持一致。

  • There is one girl and ten boys in our class. 我们班上只有一个女孩和十个男孩。
  • There are ten boys and one girl in our class. 我们班上只有十个男孩和一个女孩。

知识点4. 名词化形容词作主语时的主谓一致

"the + 形容词"表示一类人时,谓语用复数。常见:the poor, the rich, the sick, the dead, the young, the wise, the deaf, the blind, the learned, the wounded, the aged, the killed, the living, the dying, the English, the French, the Chinese 等。

  • The rich are not benevolent. 为富不仁。

知识点5. 不定式、动名词和句子作主语时的主谓一致

不定式、动名词和句子作主语时,谓语用单数。

  • To become doctors is their ambition. 当医生是他们的志愿。
  • Drinking much alcohol is harmful to one's health. 喝太多酒有害身体健康。

第三章 代词

定义:代词用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子。分为人称代词、指示代词、物主代词、反身代词、疑问代词、不定代词、相互代词等。

考点1. 人称代词

人称单数主格单数宾格复数主格复数宾格
第一人称Imeweus
第二人称youyouyouyou
第三人称he/she/ithim/her/ittheythem
  • ① 主格作主语、表语或同位语:We study English every day. 我们每天都学英语。
  • ② 宾格作宾语、表语、补语或同位语:I teach them English. 我教他们英语。
  • ③ it 的用法:
    • a. 作形式主语或形式宾语:It is important for us to learn English well. / I found it important to learn English well.
    • b. 表示天气、距离、时间或环境:It's raining. / It's eight o'clock. / It's about two hours' walk.
    • c. 用于打电话时指人:Hello, it is Susan. 你好,我是苏珊。
    • d. 指代婴儿或小孩:Look at the baby. It's laughing in its cradle.
    • e. 用于强调句型 It is/was + 强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分:It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed.

考点2. 物主代词

第一人称单第二人称单第三人称单第一人称复第二人称复第三人称复
形容词性物主代词myyourhis/her/itsouryourtheir
名词性物主代词mineyourshis/hers/itsoursyourstheirs
  • ① 形容词性物主代词仅作定语修饰名词:I'm sure you don't want to listen to all my problems.
  • ② 名词性物主代词可作主语、表语和宾语;"of + 名词性物主代词"可作定语,表示范围或所属。
    • Miss Wang is an old friend of mine. 王女士是我的一个老朋友。
    • This baby of hers is so lovely! 她的这个孩子真可爱!

考点3. 反身代词

第一人称第二人称第三人称
单数myselfyourselfhimself/herself/itself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
  • ① 作宾语和表语,表示"……自己":That young man has been teaching himself French. 那个年轻人一直在自学法语。
  • ② 作名词、代词的同位语,加强语气,表示"亲自,本人":Why do I always have to do everything myself?
  • ③ 常用固定搭配:teach oneself(自学),lose oneself(迷路),enjoy oneself(玩得开心),come to oneself(苏醒),beside oneself(发狂),help oneself(请自便),devote oneself to(专心于),by oneself(独自一人地),make oneself at home(不受拘束),in itself(本身),of oneself(自发地),for oneself(替自己,为自己),between ourselves(你知我知,不要对别人讲)

考点4. 指示代词

指示代词有 this, that, these, those。

  • a. this, that 指单数;these, those 指复数。
  • b. 指上文内容常用 that 和 those;指下文常用 this 和 these。
  • c. this, these 一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that, those 常指较远的人或物。
    • This is a deer and that is a tiger. 这是一只鹿,那是一只老虎。
  • 为避免与前面名词重复,可用 that 或 those 代替:This painting is not so good as that I saw in the gallery yesterday.

考点5. 不定代词

  • ① other, others, the other, the others, another:
    • other 表示"别的,其他的",泛指其他的(人)或(物)
    • others 是 other 的复数形式,泛指"其他几个,其余的"
    • the other 是两个人或物中的其中一个
    • the others 特指"其他的东西,其他的人"= the other + 名词复数
    • another 三者或三者以上中的"另一个",其后一般接名词单数
  • ② none(三者或以上全部都不);all(三者或以上全部肯定,"都");neither(两个都不);either(两个中的一个,表二选一)
  • ③ any(表"一些",用于否定句和疑问句,后接可数或不可数名词;表"任何",用于肯定句,相当于 all);some(一些,若干);many(许多,许多人)
  • ④ anybody(任何人),everybody(每个人),nobody(没有人),somebody(某人);everything(所有事情),something(某些事情),anything(任何事情),nothing(没有事情)
  • ⑤ one:指不定人称时相当于 anyone,表示任何一个人、人人,反身代词为 oneself,物主代词为 one's。凡要重复 one 或 one's 的地方,都可用 he 或 his 代替。
    • They were just like any other young couple. 他们同别的年轻夫妇没什么两样。
    • Can you give me some money? 你能给我一些钱吗?
    • Neither of us agrees on the plan. 我们双方都不同意这个计划。

第四章 动词的时与体

考点1. 动词的分类

(1) 行为动词(实义动词):有完整词义,能独立作谓语。分及物动词和不及物动词。

  • ① 及物动词:后面要接宾语,可用于被动语态。有些后接一个宾语,有些可接两个宾语(give, tell, teach, write, buy, bring, hand, lend, pass, send 等),还有些后跟宾语及宾补。
    • Euclid was trying to convey his idea of a geometrical point. 欧基里德试图表达他的一个几何学观点。
  • ② 不及物动词:本身词义完整,其后不跟宾语;跟宾语时应在动词后加相应介词;不能用于被动语态。
    • Smog appeared on the horizon. 地平线上升起了烟雾。
  • ③ 有些动词既可作及物也可作不及物动词:
    • He is preparing the exam.(他在准备出考题,他是老师)
    • He is preparing for the exam.(他在复习,为参加考试做准备,他是学生)

(2) 连系动词:本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语。最常用的是 be。常见系表结构:

  • ① 连系动词 + 形容词(become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, make, remain, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn, go 等):The company went broke last year. 这家公司去年破产了。
  • ② 连系动词 + 名词(be, become, draw, live, look, make, play, prove, remain, return, seem 等):Her dream has now become a reality. 她的梦想现在已变成了现实。
  • ③ 连系动词 + 分词(appear, become, feel, get, grow, look, prove, remain, seem 等):It takes three years to become qualified. 要取得资格需要三年的时间。
  • ④ 连系动词 + 介词短语(come, continue, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stand 等):Milk only keeps for a few days. 牛奶只能保鲜几天。

(3) 助动词:本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,主要帮助构成谓语,表示时态、语气、语态等。

  • ① 帮助构成否定句、祈使句或疑问句:She doesn't work here, does she?(反义疑问句)
  • ② 帮助构成各种时态:She has paid her personal income tax. 她已支付了个人所得税。
  • ③ 帮助构成被动语态:The meeting will be put off till Friday. 会议将会推迟到星期五。
  • ④ 帮助构成各种语气:Don't be afraid of making mistakes. 不要害怕犯错。(祈使语气)

(4) 情态动词:本身有一定词意,但不能单独作谓语,只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。基本意义:

  • ① must:必须,一定。must have done 表示动作发生在过去。mustn't:禁止。
  • ② can:能够(表现在的能力);可以(表请求和允许);可能(只用于否定和疑问句)。can't:不能,将不会。
  • ③ could:能够(表过去的能力);可以(表请求和允许,语气比 can 委婉);可能。could have v-ed:本来能够发生的事情没有发生。
  • ④ will:将会;可以(请求/要求)。
  • ⑤ would:将会(will 的过去式);可以(请求/要求,比 will 委婉)。would have + -ed:本要发生的事情没有发生。wouldn't:不会,不愿。
  • ⑥ should:应该;按理说。should have + -ed:本来应该发生的事情没有发生。shouldn't:不应该。
  • ⑦ need:需要,必须(用于否定和疑问句)。needn't:没有必要。
  • ⑧ dare:敢(疑问句、否定句和条件从句)。dare not:不敢。
  • ⑨ shall:表示将来,将要;在疑问句中同 I 和 we 连用,表示提出或征求意见。
  • ⑩ ought to:应该;应当;(表示期望或可能发生的事)应该(表示劝告或建议)。

考点2. 动词的时态和语态

(1) 谓语动词时态的表达形式:

  • 一般现在时:动词原形;第三人称单数 -s/-es
  • 一般过去时:v-ed(规则变形);不规则变形(记)
  • 一般将来时:will + 原形
  • 现在进行时:be (am/is/are) + v-ing
  • 过去进行时:was/were + v-ing
  • 现在完成时:have/has + done
  • 过去完成时:had + done
  • 将来完成时:shall/will have + done

(2) 谓语动词时态的基本意义和用法:

  1. 一般现在时:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数加 -s 或 -es)
  • ① 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态,常与频度状语连用(always, often, usually, every day):He always acts on the principle he sets for himself. 他总是按照自己所制定的原则行事。
  • ② 表示主语的特征、状态、能力、品质:People enjoy reading books about the rich and famous. 人们喜欢阅读有关富人和名人的书。
  • ③ 表示客观事实或普遍真理:The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
  1. 一般过去时:表示过去某特定时间或某段时间内发生的动作或状态。常与 three days ago, yesterday, in 1994, last week, last year 等连用。
  • I bought a dog yesterday. 昨天我买了只狗。
  1. 一般将来时:主语 + shall/will + 动词原形;主语 + be going to + 动词原形;主语 + be + 动词不定式;主语 + be about + 动词不定式;主语 + be + 现在分词(仅限位移动词)
  • ① "shall/will + 动词原形"一般表示将要发生的动作或状态:My elder brother will be twenty years old next year. 我哥哥明年就 20 岁了。
  • ② "be going to + 动词原形"表示主观打算或有迹象表明即将发生:They are going to sail around the little island. 他们打算绕着小岛航行。
  • ③ "be + 动词不定式"常表示按安排、计划、约定、职责、义务、禁止或要求将要发生:The Prime Minister is to visit China tomorrow. 首相将于明天访问中国。
  • ④ "be about + 动词不定式"表示即将发生,不可与将来时间状语连用:The team is about to play an important match. 这支队即将进行一场重要的比赛。
  1. 现在进行时:主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词
  • ① 表示现在、当前或现阶段正在进行的动作:We are waiting for you at the school gate now. 我们现在正在校门口等你。
  • ② 与 always, forever, constantly 等副词连用,表示某种感情(赞许、厌烦、不满、同情等):The little boy is always thinking of others. 那个小男孩儿总是为别人着想。(赞许)
  1. 过去进行时:主语 + was/were + 现在分词,表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
  • I was reading a novel when you called me last night. 昨晚你给我打电话时,我正在看一本小说。
  1. 将来进行时:主语 + will be + 现在分词,表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
  • I will be reading a novel tomorrow this time. 明天的这个时刻我会正在看书。
  1. 现在完成时:主语 + have/has + 过去分词
  • ① 表示已经做完某事,常与不确定时间状语连用(yet, already, just, recently, once, before, lately 等):The company has already shed 10,000 jobs. 该公司已经裁去了一万个工作岗位。
  • ② 表示过去的动作一直持续到现在,常与表示一段时间的状语连用(so far, up to now, (ever) since, for a long time, for the past few years, these (few) days/weeks/months/years 等):Up to now we haven't received any news from her. 到目前为止,我们还没有收到她的任何消息。
  • ③ 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作,可能刚结束或可能继续;或表示重复性动作:I have been waiting for an hour, but he still hasn't turned up. 我已经等了一个小时了,但是他还没有来。
  1. 过去完成时:主语 + had + 过去分词
  • 表示过去某时间或某动作之前已完成的动作,或从过去某时开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,即"过去的过去"。常由 by, before 等介词短语或时间状语从句表示,也可通过上下文表示。
  • She found that she had left her luggage on the bus. 她发现自己把行李丢在了公共汽车上。
  1. 将来完成时:主语 + shall/will have + 过去分词
  • ① 表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已完成的动作:I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week. 到本周末之前,我将已读完这本书了。
  • ② 表示一个持续到将来某时或某动作发生之前的动作;句中出现"by + 将来时间"状语时,应用将来完成时:By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years. 到下周一,她在这里学习就满三年了。

第五章 将来时间表达法

考点1. 从现在角度表示将来时间

  1. will/shall:通常表示将来时间。will 用于第一、二、三人称,shall 用于第一人称,都表将来时,但常夹杂情态意义(带说话人主观态度),如表"预见":You will feel better if you after taking this medicine. 有时也含"意愿"或"意图":I will do it if you like it.

  2. be going to:

  • 一是表"意图"(打算将来做什么):Are you going to post that letter by air mail? / How long is he going to stay here? / We're going to call a meeting to discuss it.
  • 二是表"预见"(现在已有迹象表明将要发生):I feel dizzy. I think I am going to faint.
  • 表"意图"时有时可与"will + do"互换,但 be going to do 表示说话前已决定,"will + do"是说话时临时想到。
    • A: What a terrible box! B: I will help you to carry it.(不能换为 am going to)
    • A: Why are you taking your stuffs out of the box? B: I am going to carry this box to other place but it is too heavy. So I have to take something out.(不能用 will)
  1. be + -ing(现在进行体):
  • 一是表示与他人约定或安排于最近要进行的事,通常带有将来时间状语:I am meeting Mary tonight. She is taking me to the movies. / He is having dinner with Ann on Friday. / Alex is getting married next month.
  • 二是表示位置转移的动词(come, go, start, arrive, stay, leave 等)常用现在进行时代替 be going to do,表主语单方面决定的未来行为:I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要离开。/ Are you staying here till next week?
  1. be to do:
  • 一是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,较正式,常见于报纸和广播:I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
  • 二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等:You are to stand here. Do you understand?
  1. 一般现在时:表示将来时间,常见于条件状语或时间状语从句中。
  • If he comes, I will let you know. / I'll give it to you after I finish it.
  • will 表意愿、意志时也可放在条件状语从句中:If you will listen to me, I'll be able to help you. / I will tell you if you will not tell anyone.
  • 主句中用一般现在时表将来通常表示有标记的极其明确的将来或不可更改的将来事件/预定活动(时间表、日程表等):Tomorrow is Saturday.
  • 注意:表示将来时间,一般现在时和现在进行时都可与表示位移的动词连用,都有计划、安排的含义。但一般现在时暗含的计划比较客观,具不可变更性,口气也较正式。
    • I'm leaving tomorrow.(个人的主观意愿)
    • The plane takes off at 20:30 tonight.(时间表上的规定)
  1. be about to:即将发生的动作,指眼皮底下就要发生的事,一般不跟时间状语。
  • Look, the train is about to leave!

考点2. 过去将来时间表达法

  1. 定义:过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或状态,常用于宾语从句中,且主句必须是一般过去时。
  • We asked him where we should go to work next week. 我们问他我们下周上哪儿去劳动。
  1. 过去将来时的标志:
  • (1) 一定要有一个表示"过去"的参照物(往往是一个发生在过去的动作,而非时间),因而常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中:I rang up to tell my aunt that I should leave for Japan next Monday. 我打电话告诉我姑妈下星期一我要上日本去。
  • (2) 通过上下文判断:The students were getting ready for the exam at that moment. They would take part in an English exam. 学生们那时正在为考试做准备。他们将参加一次英语考试。
  1. 过去将来时的构成:
  • (1) "would + 动词原形"(would 常缩写为 I'd, you'd, she'd, they'd 等;would not 缩略为 wouldn't):The foreigners said they'd go to the Great Wall the next day.
  • (2) "should + 动词原形"(should 常缩写为 'd):I wasn't sure if it would rain.
  • (3) "was/were going to + 动词原形":I thought it was going to rain. / He didn't say when she was coming.
  • (4) "was/were + to + 动词原形":The teacher said he was to tell us a story about the Long March.
  • (5) "was/were about to + 动词原形":I was about to go out when a friend dropped in. 我刚要出去,这时一个朋友来了。

易错点

  • (1) should 一般只用于第一人称单复数;作情态动词表"应该"可用于各种人称,would 可用于所有人称。
  • (2) 表示过去准备、打算或即将发生的动作,一般用"was/were going to + 动词原形"。
  • (3) 表示即将发生的事受条件或环境制约时,常用 would/should,而不用 was/were going to。
  • (4) 能用过去进行时表过去将来的动词一般只限表示位置移动的动词(arrive, come, go, leave, start 等)。
  • (5) 过去将来时主要用于宾语从句中,主句谓语通常是 said, asked, thought, knew, told 等。
  1. 过去将来时的用法:
  • (1) "would + 动词原形"表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或状态:He said he would come to see me.
  • (2) "was/were going to + 动词原形"表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做:She said she was going to buy a new bike.
  • (3) "was/were + 动词不定式"表示过去计划或安排将要做:He said he was to finish the work in a week.
  • (4) "was/were + about + 动词不定式"表示"即将"要发生:The bus was about to start. 公共汽车马上就要开了。
  • (5) 某些动词的过去进行时可表过去将来时(come, go, leave, arrive, start 等按时间表发生的表起止动词):He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
  • (6) 用于虚拟语气中:If I were you, I would not do that. 要是我是你的话,我就不会那样做。
  • (7) 特定场合的一般过去时可表过去将来时。条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时:
    • I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know. 我不知道她什么时候来,但她来了我会告诉你。(第一个 when 引导宾语从句,可用将来时;第二个 when 引导时间状语从句,只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时)

第六章 被动意义表达法

考点1. 谓语动词时态 + 被动语态

被动语态由"助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词"构成,强调动作执行者时接 by 短语,译为"被……"。

  • 一般现在时被动:主语 + am/is/are + v-ed
    • Smokers are warned that smoking is harmful to their health. 吸烟者被警告:吸烟有害健康。
  • 一般过去时被动:主语 + was/were + -ed
    • They were given a warm send-off last week. 上周他们受到了热烈欢送。
  • 现在完成时被动:主语 + have/has + been + v-ed
    • Many new buildings have been completed in the city. 这座城市里已建成了许多新建筑。
  • 过去完成时被动:主语 + had been + v-ed
    • He had been warned not to tell anyone about it. 有人警告他不要把这件事告诉任何人。
  • 一般将来时被动:主语 + will + be + -ed
    • Traffic laws will be strictly enforced next month. 下个月交通法规将被严格执行。
  • 现在进行时被动:主语 + be + being + -ed
    • The traffic accident is being looked into. 这起交通事故正在调查中。

考点2. 主动句和被动句

大多数"主-动-宾"结构的主动句可转换为被动句,规则如下:

  • (1) 将原宾语变为主语,原主动态动词词组变为被动态动词词组。
    • This factory produces machine tools. → Machine tools are produced in this factory.
    • They found a wallet in the car. → A wallet was found in the car.
  • (2) 原句带有情态动词或半助动词时,助动词不变,随后的主动词变为被动态。
    • They should do this right now. → This should be done right now.
    • They may be interviewing the applicants at the moment. → The applicants may be being interviewed at the moment.
  • (3) 要强调施动者,可将原句主语置于 by 词组中。
    • A boy found this wallet in the street. → This wallet was found in the street by a boy.
  • (4) "主-动-宾-宾"结构可有两种形式。
    • Father gave me a toy yesterday. → I was given a toy yesterday. / A toy was given to me yesterday.
  • (5) "主-动-宾-补"结构中,原宾语变为被动句主语,原宾补变为主语补语。
    • They named the boy Tom. → The boy was named Tom.
    • We painted the wall pink. → The wall was painted pink.

考点3. 某些不用被动态的用法

有些表达只能用主动态,如:The door won't lock. 门锁不上。

主动变被动例析:

  1. He isn't allowed to study with friends by his parents.(主动句中主语是他的父母,谓语是 allow,直接宾语是他,间接宾语是不定式短语 to do。被动语态即他得不到去跟朋友一起学习的许可)
  2. I'm allowed to go to the movies on Friday night.(主动句主语是 They,谓语是 allow,直接宾语是我,间接宾语是不定式短语)
  3. She wasn't allowed to get ears pierced by her mother.
  4. The mistakes should be corrected by the students.(主动句主语为 students,谓语为 should correct,宾语为 their mistakes)

考点4. 英汉被动意义表示法比较

英语被动语态基本结构:名词词组1(动作承受者)+ 系动词 be + 动词过去分词(+ 介词 by + 名词词组2(动作施事者)),其中名词词组2 可省略。一般只有及物动词才有被动语态;为强调事物状态,还可用 get, seem, become, look, feel 等作系动词。

英语被动语态主要使用场合:

  • (一) 突出事件本身,侧重人们对事件的关注而非施事者:The gift was sent to my teacher. 这份礼物送给我的老师。
  • (二) 不清楚施事者是谁,或不愿道出施事者:The merchant was killed about two hours ago. 商人大约两个小时前被害。
  • (三) 为强调施事者,通过附加 by + 施事者表述:
    • —Why can't I drive as fast as I can on this road? —It is not allowed by the traffic rule. 这是交通法规禁止的。
    • —How did you hurt yourself badly? —I was hurt by tripping over the broom. 我是被扫帚绊倒而受伤的。
  • (四) 复杂句中为使前后分句主语一致,保证语意连贯、结构整齐:Smith participated in the table tennis but was beaten by his rival in the end. 史密斯参加了乒乓球比赛,但最后输给了对手。

易错点(被动语态的使用限制):

    1. 宾语方面限制:宾语是反身代词时不能用被动句式。He taught himself English.(不可说 Himself was taught English by him.)
    1. 动词方面限制:不及物动词和系动词没有被动式;一些表示状态的及物动词也不能用被动式。They have a lovely son.(不可说 A son has been had by them.)
    1. 意义方面限制:主动句转换成被动句时意义可能改变。He can not see the policeman afar.(他没有能力看到远处的警察。不可说 The policeman afar can not be seen by him.,因为后者意为"他没看到远处的警察")

英汉比较:

  • 汉语被动句较少,有些句子意义上有被动含义却不用"被"字句,而用主动形式表示:昨晚这里放映了一部电影。/ 会议正在召开。
  • 某些情况下汉语被动语态的语意在英语中必须用主动语态表述,否则意义偏差:
    • 房子将要出租。The house is to let.(不可说 The house is to be let.,不符合表意习惯)
    • 把门关上。Close the door.(命令他人关门,体现动作过程;The door is closed 体现门关上的状态,语意发生明显偏差)

第七章 假设意义表达法

考点1. 虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实,或不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设。其在条件句中的构成:

虚拟情况虚拟条件从句主句
与将来事实相反If + 主语 + 动词过去式 / If + 主语 + were / If + 主语 + should + 动词原形主语 + should/would/could/might + 动词原形
与现在事实相反If + 主语 + 动词过去式(be 动词用 were)主语 + should/would/could/might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反If + 主语 + had + 过去分词主语 + should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词

考点2. 表示"假设意义"的语法手段

知识点1. 虚拟语气假设现在情况

从句谓语为过去式(be 动词用 were);主句谓语为"should/would + 动词原形"。主句中 should 常用于第一人称,would 可用于各个人称。

  • He wouldn't feel so cold if he stayed indoors. 他要是在室内就不会觉得这么冷了。

知识点2. 虚拟语气假设过去情况

从句谓语用"had + 过去分词";主句谓语为"should/would/might + have + 过去分词"。

  • If my lawyer had been here last Sunday, he could have told me what to do. 如果上周日我的律师在这里的话,他就能告诉我要做什么了。

知识点3. 虚拟语气假设将来情况

从句谓语用过去式(be 动词用 were)或"should/were to + 动词原形";主句谓语用"should/would/could/might + 动词原形"。主句中 should 常用于第一人称,would 可用于各人称。

  • If I did / should do / were to do the work, I would do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作,我会以不同的方式去做。

考点3. BE-型虚拟式和 WERE-型虚拟

一、were 式虚拟 通过扭曲时态形式("倒推一个时态")表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设:将现在时态变成过去时态,将过去时态变成"过去的过去"。动词 be 至少倒退一个时态成为 were(虚拟语气中一般不用 was,is/am/are 倒推后都写成 were)。

were 式虚拟主要用于 wish 从句、as if 从句和非真实条件句。

  • wish 从句用法:wish 往往表达难以实现或不能实现的愿望,须用虚拟语气,通过扭曲 wish 从句的时态体现。
    • I wish I had the money to buy the book.("我现在没有钱买这本书,但希望能买")
    • wish 从句中动词 have 通过"倒推一个时态"变成 had,表达"现在没有"的概念,与 have 本义相反。
  • 必须牢记:wish 不是 hope,wish 表达不能实现或难以实现的愿望,必须用 were 式虚拟。

二、be 式虚拟 一般用在名词性从句中,这些从句一般与表示祈使意义的动词有关。最典型的是 suggest, order, propose 等表示祈使意义的动词的宾语从句,谓语用 be 式虚拟。

做法是将谓语动词形式固定为 (should) do,不论该句应用什么时态,谓语动词形式都是 (should) do。以动词 be 为例,不论它应是什么时态形式,只要用来表达"祈使愿望"的虚拟,形式就是 (should) be。

  • We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the next day.
  • The officer ordered that the spy be killed right away.

三、几个特殊的句式

  • it is important that... ... 等:
    • It is important that you come and deliver the speech tomorrow.
    • It is necessary that we let none of us fall behind.
    • It is essential that Mr. Li come to help us with the new task.
    • It is only natural that you pay your respect to your colleagues.
  • 以上各句表达的都是一种建议(比较强烈的 suggestion),可归入 be 式虚拟。

第八章 情态意义表达法

考点1. 情态助动词的推测性用法

情态助动词的意义大致分两类:推测性意义和非推测性意义。推测意义与说话人对概率的假设或评估有关,表明说话人对自己陈述的真实性是否有信心。

推测性意义主要涉及说话者的推测或可靠性评估,大多数情况下表明说话者对其陈述真实性的信心程度。从 might 到 must,按顺序排列代表说话者信心程度(从很低到很高):

不确定(可能性最小):might → may → could → can → should → ought to → would → will → must(确定,可能性最大)

  • That might be Tom.(可能性小)
  • That must be Tom.(可能性大)

知识点1. can 的用法

(1) 推测性意义(可能性):

  • Even in summer it can be very cold here.

情态动词 + have done 结构:

  • could have done:本可以做……但实际没有做
  • would have done:本可以……但实际没有做
  • should/ought to have done:本应该做……而实际没做(表示责备、埋怨、遗憾)
  • needn't have done:没有必要做……实际已经做了
  • You should have finished the report last week. 你本应该上周就完成这个报告的。(实际上周没有完成)
  • You should have told me yesterday. 你本应该昨天就告诉我的。(实际昨天没有告诉)

表示对过去情况的推测、判断:主语 + 情态动词 + have done

  • must have done:肯定已经做了某事
  • may have done:也许已经做了某事
  • should have done:应该已经做了某事(从客观条件判断)
  • She may have known the bad news. 她可能已经知道这个坏消息了。
  • You must have stayed up late last night. 你昨晚肯定熬夜了。

第九章 不定式

考点1. 不定式的结构形式及句法功能

不定式:to + 原形,词性 n./adj./adv;用法:除谓语外其他都可作,即主、宾、表、定、状、补语。内涵:时间—将来;状态—未发生;意义—表目的。

  • To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有益于我们的健康。
  • I hope to visit this place again. 我希望能再次拜访这里。

句法功能:

  • (1) 作主语:To go there for fishing is a good choice. 去那里钓鱼是个不错的选择。
  • (2) 作表语:The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 教育的目的是发展儿童优良的品格。
  • (3) 作宾语:I can't afford to take flying lessons. 我付不起飞行课程的费用。/ They managed to sign up all the best performers. 他们设法跟所有最佳演员签订合同。
  • (4) 作定语:通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。I am looking for a room to live in. 我正在找一间屋子住。/ Are you going to the conference to be held next week? 你要参加下周举行的会议吗?
  • (5) 作状语:主要表目的、结果、原因等。He got up early to catch the first bus. 为了赶上第一班公共汽车,他起得很早。(目的)/ She grew up to be an excellent diplomat. 她长大后成为一名出色的外交官。(结果)
  • (6) 作宾语补足语:常见结构"动词 + 宾语 + to do",及物动词有 advise, ask, allow, expect, help, get, want, force, forbid 等。He was too proud to ask his family to help and support him. 他自尊心太强,不愿请求家人帮助和支持他。

第十章 -ing 分词

考点1. -ing 分词的句法功能

  • (1) 作主语:Drinking much alcohol is harmful to one's health. 喝太多酒有害身体健康。/ Refusing the invitations is not always easy. 拒绝邀请并不总是容易的。
    • 注意:"It is no use (no good, no help, fun, a waste of time, a good pleasure) + doing"结构中,It 作形式主语,真正主语是后面的动名词(短语):It is no use worrying about the coming exam. 为即将到来的考试担心没有用。
  • (2) 作表语:Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗衣服、打扫卫生和照顾孩子。
  • (3) 作定语:A washing machine can help you save a lot of time and energy. 洗衣机可以帮助你节省很多时间和精力。
  • (4) 作动词宾语:以下及物动词和动词短语常用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式作宾语:advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, forgive, permit, keep, miss, give up 等。
    • We don't allow smoking in the hall. 我们不准有人在大厅里抽烟。
    • The manager doesn't permit giving advice in private. 这位经理不允许私下提建议。

第十一章 分词

考点1. 分词的句法功能

现在分词:-ing,词性 adj./adv;用法:当形容词或副词用,作定、状、补、表语。内涵:时间—现在;状态—进行;语态—主动。

  • Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful. 他在公共场所讲话时总是十分兴奋。

过去分词:-ed(规则)/done,词性 adj./adv;用法:当形容词或副词用,作定、状、补、表语。内涵:时间—过去;状态—完成;语态—被动。

  • My heart is broken. 我心碎了。

现在分词的句法功能:

  • (1) 作定语:The crying girl was said to have failed the last exam. 据说那个正在哭泣的女孩儿没有通过上一次考试。
  • (2) 作状语:用来进一步说明谓语动词或整个句子的动作或状态,可表示时间、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、伴随等。位置灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾。Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. 听到这个消息,他们立即出发去上海了。
  • (3) 作表语:The story of his life sounds very interesting. 他的生平听起来很有趣。
  • 注意:现在分词完成式结构为"having + 过去分词",主要作状语(相当于状语从句),也可作定语,表示该动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前发生,否定形式在 having 前加 not。Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 演讲完之后,他回答了我们的问题。

过去分词的句法功能:

  • 过去分词(短语)作状语,可进一步说明谓语动词的动作,也可说明整个句子,表示动作的被动和完成;可表示时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、伴随等,可置于句首、句中或句尾。
    • Asked what had happened, he told us about it.(时间)当被问及发生了什么事时,他把这件事告诉了我们。

第十二章 形容词、副词

考点1. 形容词和形容词词组

概念:形容词用来作定语修饰或描述名词(或代词),表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征,通常译为"……的"。

  • strange woman 奇怪的女人 / clever dog 可爱的狗

知识点1. 多个形容词修饰名词的放置顺序

排序:限定词(冠词、代词、名词所有格)+ 数词(序数词、基数词)+ 描绘观点的形容词 + 表示大小、长短、高矮等形状的形容词 + 表示年龄新旧的形容词 + 表示颜色的形容词 + 表示国家、地区出处的形容词 + 表示材料的形容词 + 表示用途或目的的形容词 + 中心名词。

  • a handsome young man / a huge red flag

记忆口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老。颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。

知识点2. 形容词的句法功能

形容词在句中可作定语、表语和补足语等。

  • Luna is a clever cat. 露娜是一只聪明的猫。(前置定语)

易错点(形容词后置的情况):

  • ① 形容词修饰由 some-, any-, every-, no- 等和 -body, -one, -thing 等组成的复合不定代词时,应后置:The police found nothing strange in the room. 警察在房子里没发现奇怪的东西。
  • ② 由前缀 a- 构成的形容词(表语形容词),如 asleep, alike, alive, alone 等,修饰名词应后置:He will be remembered for that one book alone. 仅凭那一本书就可以使他留名于世。
  • ③ 表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词,放在修饰的名词之后:Mr Henry will be 90 years old next year. 亨利先生明年将 90 岁高龄了。

知识点3. 由分词转化而来的形容词

由分词转化而来的形容词有两类:-ing 形容词和 -ed 形容词。一般情况下,前者修饰物,后者修饰人。

考点2. 副词和副词词组

概念:副词表示行为或状态特征,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。

  • He works hard. 他努力工作。

构成:

  • 一般情况,形容词变副词直接在词尾 + ly:safe → safely
  • 形容词词尾以辅音 + y 结尾,把 y 改为 i + ly:easy → easily
  • 形容词以 le 或 ue 结尾,去 e + ly:true → truly
  • 形副同形(既可作形容词也可作副词):fast/slow/early/late

位置:

副词位置例句
修饰动词时,置后He is moving fast.
频率副词放实义动词前,情态动词或第一个助动词后Students must always obey the rules.
修饰形容词或副词,放前The book is very interesting.
疑问副词放句首Where is my book?
表时间、地点时,小单位在前,大单位在后The train will leave at eight o'clock on January 20th.
排序:程度 + 地点 + 时间The old man runs very slowly (程度) along the lake (地点) at six o'clock every morning (时间).

知识点1. 副词分类

副词可分时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词等。

  • (1) 地点副词:nowhere(哪里都不),somewhere(在某处),everywhere(到处),anywhere(用于否定和疑问句,代替 everywhere,表任何地方/随便哪里)
  • (2) 关系副词:where 表地点,why 表原因,when 表时间
  • (3) 程度副词:much(非常,很),very(非常,很,完全),so(如此),too(太,很),heavily(大量的,在很大程度上),seriously(严重的,严肃的)
  • (4) 时间和频度副词:now(现在),often(经常),early(提早),sometimes(有时),before(在……之前),hardly(几乎不),finally(最后),frequently(频繁地)
  • (5) 疑问副词:how(怎样),when(何时),where(何地),why(为何)
  • (6) 连接副词:however(然而),moreover(此外),consequently(因此),also(也),besides(除了),otherwise(否则),therefore(因此),thus(因此)
  • (7) 方式副词:由形容词 + -ly 构成的大部分副词,如 badly(严重地),slowly(缓慢地),proudly(骄傲地),carelessly(粗心地),properly(适当地,完全地)
  • 注意:副词排列顺序一般为:方式、地点、时间(有时时间副词也可放于句首)。
    • She sang very beautifully (方式) in the hall (地点) last night (时间). 她昨天晚上在大厅里唱得非常好。

知识点2. 特殊副词用法

  • (1) enough 作副词修饰形容词、副词或动词时,一般位于它们后面;作形容词修饰名词时位于名词之前。What he has written is good enough. 他写的东西非常好。(修饰形容词)
  • (2) 副词 very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。(不能说 I very like English.)

知识点3. 副词的句法功能

副词在句中可作状语、表语和补足语等。

  • I'll dress how I like in my own house! 我在自己家里爱怎么穿就怎么穿!(状语)

考点3. 比较等级和比较结构

形容词和副词的比较形式包括:原级、比较级和最高级。

知识点1. 形容词和副词比较级变化规则

(1) 规则变化:

  • 单音节词和少数双音节词:
    • 一般在词尾加 -er, -est:tall→taller→tallest, bright→brighter→brightest, high→higher→highest
    • 以 e 结尾加 -r, -st:late→later→latest, nice→nicer→nicest, wide→wider→widest, large→larger→largest
    • 重读闭音节词尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写再加 -er, -est:thin→thinner→thinnest, fat→fatter→fattest, fit→fitter→fittest
    • 辅音字母 + y 结尾的双音节词,改 y 为 i 再加 -er, -est:heavy→heavier→heaviest, happy→happier→happiest, early→earlier→earliest, busy→busier→busiest(少数以辅音字母 + y 结尾可直接加 -er, -est:shy→shyer→shyest)
    • 以 -er, -ow 结尾的双音节词,加 -er, -est:clever→cleverer→cleverest, narrow→narrower→narrowest
    • 以 -able, -ple 结尾的双音节词,加 -r, -st:able→abler→ablest, simple→simpler→simplest
  • 以 -ly 结尾的副词、多音节词和派生的双音节词:前加 more, most(表"更……,最……")或 less, least(表"更不……,最不……"):beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful, delicious→less delicious→least delicious, quietly→more quietly→most quietly

(2) 不规则变化:

形容词原级比较级最高级
good/well(身体好的)betterbest
bad/ill(身体不舒服的)worseworst
many(可数)/much(不可数)moremost
littlelessleast
farfarther(表距离和时间)/further(表程度)farthest/furthest
oldolder/elderoldest/eldest
副词原级比较级最高级
well 好地betterbest
badly 糟糕地worseworst
much 非常moremost
little 少地lessleast
far 远地farther(表距离和时间)/further(表程度)farthest/furthest

知识点2. 常见比较词汇的用法说明

(1) elder 与 older:

  • elder/eldest 表示"前辈的""年纪较长的",仅用于同一家庭成员的比较,只可作定语指人,不可与 than 连用。older/oldest 可作表语也可作定语,既可指人也可指物,可与 than 连用。
    • She is my elder sister. / They live in an older house than any other I have ever seen.

(2) farther 与 further:

  • 无论 farther/farthest 还是 further/furthest 都能指距离。但 further/furthest(而不是 farther/farthest)通常用来指抽象意义:① 表示事物程度通常用 further/furthest;② further 亦可表示更加或进一步,farther 则无此意。
    • I'm tired. I can't walk any farther/further. / If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed.

(3) less 和 fewer:

  • less 是 little 的比较级,与不可数名词连用;fewer 是 few 的比较级,与复数名词连用。
    • They buy less beer and fewer cigarettes now.

(4) superior 与 inferior:

  • superior adj.(级别、地位)较高的;(质量等)较好的;(数量)较多的;上等的
  • inferior adj.(质量等)低劣的;下级的,下等的;(位置在)下面的
  • superior 与 inferior 一样没有比较级,表示比他人更好或更差时用"be superior/inferior to"表示比较。
    • His work is superior/inferior to mine.

(5) senior 与 junior:

  • senior:年龄上较年长的;工作上在一个机构工作时间较长;(级别、地位等)较高的
  • junior:年龄上较年轻的;工作上在一个机构工作时间较短;(级别、地位等)较低的
    • John is senior/junior to Bob. / a senior citizen(老人的婉转说法)/ senior/junior officer(职位的高/低)

知识点3. 比较结构

(1) 原级比较:

  • ① as...as... 结构中用形容词、副词或表示数量的限定词(many, much, few, little);否定式有 not as...as... 或 not so...as... 两种(意义相同)。My brother is as tall as I am.
  • ② as...as... 结构所表达的同等意思可由前置修饰语加强、削弱或取消:nearly, almost, exactly, (three) times, not nearly, not half, by no means, quite 等。He is exactly as tall as his brother. / This house is twice as expensive as the one we saw yesterday.
  • ③ A is to B what C is to D 句型:连词 what 用来表示比较两种事物相同或相似的关系,"A 之于 B 就好像 C 之于 D 一样"。但数与数的比较一般用 as。To the Portuguese, the dry salted cod is what pasta is to the Italians. 咸鳕鱼干对葡萄牙人来说,就像面食对意大利人一样不可或缺。

(2) 比较级:

  • ① 常用"比较级 + than"比较两个人或事物某种性质的程度:Sue is cleverer than you (are). / This is a more delightful house than our old one.
  • ② 比较级可带各种前置修饰语:far, even, many, much, still, a bit, a lot, a little, a great deal, rather, slightly, (three) times, not any 等。为强调,有些前置修饰语可重复。She is far more honest than her boss. / He came even earlier than I asked. / They have done twice as much work as us.
  • ③ "the + 比较级……,the + 比较级……"意为"越……越……",表示一种性质的量与另一种性质的量有联系。The more friends you have, the less time you will have to see them.
  • ④ 比较级的特殊结构:
    • more A than B 或 rather A than B:与其说是 B,不如说是 A
    • less A than B 或 not so much A as B:与其说是 A,不如说是 B
    • none other than:不是别的……正是……
    • no other...than:不是别的……正是……
    • more than:不只是,极其
    • no more than:仅仅,只不过
    • no more...than...:与……一样不
    • other than:不同于……,非……
    • His visit to New York was more than sightseeing. 他去纽约不只是为了观光。
    • You are not capable of speaking English any more than I am. = You are no more capable of speaking English than I am. 你和我一样都说不好英语。
    • Our teacher asked us to write a no more than three-thousand-word essay. 老师要求我们写一篇不超过 3000 字的文章。

(3) 最高级:

  • ① 涉及三个或以上的人或事物时用最高级,通常用 of + 数字、in + 地点或限制性关系分句限定比较范围。This is the most expensive of the three cars. / Shanghai is the biggest city in China. / This is the most exciting birthday party I've ever had.
  • ② 当最高级只作强化语使用时,不必限定比较范围。I'd like to express my deepest gratitude for all that you've done for me.
  • ③ 最常见的最高级前置修饰语是 very(her very best dress, the very youngest),其他包括 far, by far, far and away 等。This is far/by far/far and away the best school in the region.

(4) 最高级表达法(倍数):

  • ① "A is 倍数 + the size/length/width... of B"(A 是 B 的几倍大小/长/宽……)
  • ② "A is 倍数 + as + 形容词或副词原级 + as B"(A 是 B 的几倍)
  • ③ "A is 倍数 + more than B"(A 比 B 多几倍)
  • The Yangtze River is almost three times the length of (= three times as long as = twice longer than) the Pearl River. 长江差不多是珠江的三倍长。/长江差不多比珠江长两倍。

第十三章 介词

考点1. 介词概况

介词用于表示空间关系或标记多种句法功能和语义角色。形式上可以是简单介词(单个词)或复杂介词(多个词)。主要功能是连接名词、动词和形容词与句子其他部分。

知识点1. 简单介词

单个单词充当介词,如 about, above, after, against, among, around, as, at, before, behind, beside, besides, between, by, despite, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, unlike, near, on, over, past, since, than, through, till, to, under, until, up, with, within 等。

  • The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. 两点之间的最短距离就是直线。

知识点2. 复杂介词

多个词一起使用:

  • 两词介词:as for, but for, except for;apart from, away from;ahead of, because of, instead of, out of, outside of, regardless of;according to, as to, due to, near to, next to, on to, owing to, prior to, up to;along with, together with 等
  • 三词/四词介词:in case of, in charge of, in consequence of, in the face of, in favour of, in front of, in (the) light of, in lieu of, in need of, in place of, in quest of, in respect of, in search of, in spite of, in terms of, in view of;in accordance with, in common with, in comparison with, in compliance with, in conformity with, in connection with, in contact with, in line with;by means of, by virtue of, by way of, by a stretch of, by the end of, by reason of;on account of, on behalf of, on the part of, on the strength of, on top of;as far as, as a result of, at variance with, at the expense of, at the hands of, for the sake of, in exchange for, in return for, in addition to, in relation to, with/in regard to, with/in reference to, with respect to, with the exception of 等
  • The two girls suddenly emerged from among the bushes. 那两个女孩儿突然从树丛中冒了出来。

考点2. 介词的用法比较

与地点相关的介词:

  1. at, on 和 in:at 表示一个点,on 表示一条线或事物表面,in 表示一个区域或某物的容积。
  • (1) at 与被看作点的地点名词/名字连用:Our train arrived at New York.
  • (2) 把城镇视为由房屋街道等构成,区域内外对照时用 in:She has lived in Bath for twenty years. / The crime rate is very low in Flagstaff.
  • (3) on 表示与物体的线或面有关的位置:She is walking dangerously on the rope.(线)/ London is situated on the River Thames.(线)
  • (4) 三个介词可与同一名词连用但位置含义不同:I'd prefer to put my desk at the window. / A face appeared in the window.(at 表示将窗户用于某一目的;in 表示被框起来的区域;on 指玻璃面)
  • (5) at 常与 bank, church, cinema, hotel, office, school, theatre, university 等连用,表明与一个机构的某种职能有关系(in 与这些名词连用时通常仅表地理位置):at/in school(作为学生)/ Peter is in the school.(作为视察者、来访者等)/ at Cambridge(作为学生)/ Peter is in Cambridge.(作为居民、游人等)
  • (6) 引出交通手段时 in 和 on 可互换(in/on a bus, train, ship 等),但封闭运载具多用 in:He came in a car. / Did you come on foot or on a horse?
  1. over, above, under 和 below:
  • above 和 below 仅指位置或层面的高/矮;over 和 under 还表示一种垂直关系(同义词分别是 directly above 和 directly below)。The lamp hung over/above the table.
  • over/under 可表示某物覆盖在他物之上,而 above/below 不能。He kept his coat over his shoulder. / He hid his gun under the pillow.
  • 注意:underneath 和 beneath 比 under 用法正式些,但用得不那么普遍。
  1. between 和 among:
  • between 只表示两者之间,among 表示三者以上之间。She sat between the two children / among the three children.
  • 说到明确的地理位置时总是用 between:Our house stands between a school and a supermarket. / Ecuador lies between Colombia, Peru, and the Pacific Ocean.
  • among 涉及不确切的位置,有"被包围"或"混在其中"的意思:It is pleasant to walk among the trees in the morning.

与时间有关的介词:

  • 持续性介词:between...and, during, for, from...to, over, since, through, till, until 等
  • 非持续性介词:at;after, on, before
  • (1) at, on 和 in:
      1. at 用于不延续、只表示时间点:at six o'clock, at midnight, at his uncle's death
      1. on 指日期或某天中的时间段:on Sunday, on Tuesdays and Fridays, on May 23 1988, on Saturday afternoons, on Christmas Day
      1. in 指长于或短于一天的时间段:in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the day/night, in (the) spring/summer/autumn(fall)/winter, in 1996, in the 21st century, in the Stone Age

表示"除……之外":

介词含义例句
but除……之外,常与否定意义的词连用We've had nothing but trouble with this car. 我们这辆车净出毛病。
except除……之外,除去 except 后的人或事物We all went to the Great Wall except Li Ming. 除了李明,我们都去了长城。
besides除……之外,还有……,加上除外的人或事物He had other people to take care of besides me. 除了我,他还有其他人需要照顾。

表示方式及其他常见用法:

  • in 的常见用法:
    • 用在表示阳光、灯、影的词前,表"在":Don't read in dim light. / They are sitting in the shade of a tree.
    • 用在衣帽前,表"穿着";"in + 颜色"表"穿着……颜色的衣服":The poor dressed in rags in old society. / The woman in white (black, red, yellow) is my aunt.
    • 用在表示语言、材料、单位的词前,表手段、方式,意为"用":I really can't express my idea in English freely. / I wrote a novel in Russian.
  • with 与 by 可表示手段、方式:
    • with 后常接有形的、具体的事物:The workers are paving a road with stone. / rub with a towel / measure with a stop watch / cool with air / wash with soap
    • by 后通常接无形的、抽象的事物,表"凭借":These baskets are made by hand. / Translation is paid by the word. / They sell the cloth by the yard.
    • by 后也可接交通工具或电话、信件等,表"凭借":She told me the good news by phone.
  • on 的常见用法:
    • 用在食物、金钱等词前,表"凭借,依靠":The people in the south live on rice while those in the north live on noodles.
    • 用在话题、理论等词前,表"关于":This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation.
    • on 还可用在以下词前:着火、罢工、出售、公事、假期、故意、支付。The house next to mine was on fire. / Grapes and big water melons from Xingjiang are on sale. / I've come here on business.

第十四章 句子类型

考点1. 陈述句和附加疑问句

一、五种基本句型

句型例句
S+V(主谓结构,V 是不及物动词)He changed. / She left.
S+V+O(主谓宾结构,V 是及物动词)He bought a house. / The girls don't like playing basketball. / I believe that he still loves her.
S+V+P(主系表结构)I am a student. / He is not at home. / Our duty is to make it better.
S+V+Oi+Od(主谓双宾结构)He gave me(间接宾语)two pens(直接宾语). / I offered a job(直接宾语)to her(间接宾语).
S+V+O+C(主谓宾宾补结构)He keeps his room clean. / My sister called her dog Wangcai. / I saw him reading there.

陈述句分肯定陈述句(He is a teacher. / They like shopping.)和否定陈述句(He is not a teacher. / They do not like shopping.)。

二、反意疑问句(附加疑问句)

在陈述句后附加一个简短疑问句,可表真实疑问,也可表倾向、强调或反问。第一部分是完整陈述句,第二部分是简短疑问句。

  • (1) 陈述句部分有 little, barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, no, never, nothing 等词时,反意疑问句部分用肯定形式。Few people live to the age of 100, do they? 很少有人能活到 100 岁,是吗?
  • (2) 陈述句部分主语是代词时:主语是 everyone, someone, anyone, no one, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody 等不定代词时,反意疑问句主语通常用 they;主语是 this, that, anything, everything, nothing, something 时,反意疑问句主语常用 it。Everyone is having a very good time, aren't they? 每个人都玩得很高兴,是吗?
  • (3) 陈述句部分谓语含 ought to, used to, would rather, had better, have/has/had to 时:ought to → shouldn't 或 oughtn't;used to → didn't 或 usedn't;would rather → wouldn't;had better → hadn't;have/has/had to + 动词原形 → don't, doesn't, didn't。We ought to go now, oughtn't/shouldn't we? 我们现在该走了,是吗?
  • (4) 陈述句部分谓语是 wish 时,反意疑问句谓语用 may,且两部分都用肯定形式。I wish to go home now, may I? 我想现在回家,可以吗?
  • (5) 陈述句部分含情态动词 must 时:must 表"必须,应当"等命令或义务 → mustn't;must 表"有必要" → needn't(不必);must 表"想必,一定"等推测意义 → 根据陈述句时态采用相应动词或助动词形式。You mustn't walk on the grass, must you? 你不准践踏草坪,可以吗?
  • (6) 陈述句部分为 there be 结构时,反意疑问句仍用 there。There will be an art exhibition tomorrow, won't there? 明天有一个艺术展,是吗?
  • (7) 陈述句部分为祈使句时,后面一般用 will you / won't you / would you / could you,表委婉语气;否定祈使句后常用 will you;根据语境也可用 can you, can't you 等。Mail the letter today, will you? 今天把信寄出去,好吗?
  • (8) 陈述句部分为主从复合句时,反意疑问句一般与主句保持一致。He never said that she would come, did he? 他从未说过她要来,是吗?
    • 注意:当陈述句部分为"I'm sure/afraid, I (don't) think/suppose/believe/expect/imagine 等 + 宾语从句"结构时,反意疑问句与从句主谓保持一致;由于前面常否定前移,应依据主句决定反意疑问句用肯定还是否定。I'm sure that our experiment will succeed, won't it? 我确信我们的实验会成功,对吧?
  • (9) 陈述句部分为并列句时,反意疑问句主语一般与离其最近句子的主语保持一致。We must study English hard, or we aren't good at English, are we? 我们必须要努力学习英语,否则就无法擅长于此,是吗?
  • (10) 陈述句部分为感叹句时,反意疑问句一律用否定式,且用 be 动词一般现在时。What a lovely girl, isn't she? 多可爱的一个女孩儿啊,不是吗?

考点2. 祈使句和感叹句

  1. 祈使句(Imperative Sentence):用无 to 不定式作动词,表示请求、命令、允许等,句尾通常用句号,有时也用感叹号表示指令不可违抗。主语是 you 时经常省略,也可将 you 或其他说话对象说出表区分,但谓语动词不可加 s。

    • Please come in. 请进来。(表允许)
  2. 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):表示强烈感情或情绪,句尾常用感叹号。常用结构:what (a/an) + adj. + n. (+ 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分);how + adj./adv. (+ 主语 + 谓语)。也可用 how dare/dared (+ 主语 + 谓语) 表愤怒。口语中还可用陈述句、祈使句、疑问句表达感叹。

    • What a beautiful voice she has! = How beautiful a voice she has!

考点3. there-存在句

  1. there be 结构表"存在",have 表"所有"。
  2. 在 there be 结构中,be 后加 not 或 no 即变否定句。
  3. 变疑问句时,须把 be 移至 there 之前。
  4. there be 结构中动词 be 与主语的数必须一致;但主语若是一系列事物,第一个事物为单形可数名词,谓语可用单数形式。
  5. 存在句结构模式:There + be + 实义主语 + 地点状语(+ 时间状语)。
  6. 存在句的实义主语通常是非确定特指,即通常带不定冠词、零冠词及其他表示非确定意义的限定词(some, any, no, several, many, much, more, (a) few, (a) little, less, another, a lot of, plenty of, a (large) number of, enough, 以及基数词等),名词中心词可带前置、后置修饰语。
    • There is a cherry tree in my garden.

考点4. It-句型

I. It 作形式主语的句型:

  • ① It + be + adj.(kind, wise, careless, clever…)+ of sb to do sth:It is wise of him to make such a decision. 他做出这样的决定是明智的。
  • ② It + be + adj.(easy, safe, common, normal…)+ for sb to do sth:若 adj 为 important, necessary, natural, possible, strange, vital, essential 等可改为从句,从句用 should + 动词原形。It's very dangerous for children to play with fire. / It is important for us to learn English well. (= It is important that we (should) learn English well.)
  • ③ It + be + V-ed(reported, believed, said, suggested…)+ that 从句:
    • 若 V-ed 为 reported, believed, said 等常译为"据报道""据认为""据说"。
    • 若 V-ed 为 suggested, ordered, demanded, insisted 等表示"建议""命令"的词,从句要用虚拟语气 (should) + 动词原形。
    • It is suggested that the book (should) be revised. / It's said that Tom has been back from abroad. (= Tom is said to have been back from abroad.)
  • ④ It + be + n.(a pity, a shame, a fact, good news…)+ that 从句:从句一般用 (should) + 动词原形,表出乎意料,常译为"竟然"。It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾!
  • ⑤ It is useless/no use/no good/pleasure + doing sth:it 是形式主语,其后动名词短语是真正主语,译为"做……没有用"。It's useless arguing with him further. / It's no use talking with him, because he won't listen.
  • ⑥ It takes sb... to do sth:it 是形式主语,真正主语是 to do sth,常译为"做……要花费某人……"。It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.

II. It 作形式宾语的句型:

  • (1) sb find/believe/think/feel/consider/make + it + n./adj + to do 或从句("6123 结构":6 指常用动词 think, believe, make, find, consider, feel;1 指形式宾语 it;2 指宾补两种形式(形容词或名词);3 指真正宾语三种形式(不定式短语、动名词短语或 that 引导的宾语从句))。We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
  • (2) 主语 + hate/dislike/love/like + it + when-从句:I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.
  • (3) 主语 + appreciate + it + if-从句:I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math.
  • (4) sb depend on/count on/rely on/see to(负责,确保)/answer for it that...:You may rely on it that he won't be late.
  • (5) sb take it for granted that... 认为……是理所当然的。

III. It 引导的时间句型:

  • (1) It + is/has been + 时间段 + since 引导的时间状语从句:从句一般用过去时态,意为"自从……以来已多久了"。It is 5 minutes since the bus left. 公汽开走已有 5 分钟了。
  • (2) It + be(will/was)+ 时间段 + before 引导的时间状语从句:主句谓语 be 肯定式意为"过多久才……",否定式意为"没过多久就……"。It will be long/3 hours before he comes back. 要过三个小时他才会回来。
  • (3) It + be + 时间点 + when 引导的时间状语从句:it 代指时间,表示时间点的词前没有介词。It will be Monday when he comes back. 他周一的时候回来。/ It was Monday when he came back. 他周一回来的。
  • (4) It + is(about/high)time + (that) sb did/should do sth:意为"该是某人做……的时候了",about/high 用于加强语气,that 从句用 should 或动词一般过去时表虚拟。亦可转换成 It + is + time + (for sb) to do sth。It's (high/about) time (that) we handed in/should hand in our homework.
  • (5) It/This/That + is + the first (second…) time + that sb has done sth:意为"这是某人第……次做……"。time 前有序数词,主句是 is 时从句用现在完成时;主句用 was 则从句用过去完成时。It is the third time that I have seen the film. / That was the second time that I had been there.

第十五章 并列结构

考点1. 并列句

并列句(Compound Sentence)通常用并列连词或分号连接。

  • The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很好吃,但他没什么胃口。

要点

  1. 由 2 个或 2 个以上简单句组成,由连词连接。
  2. 并列连词:and, yet, while, however。
  3. 以 for 为代表的表示因果关系的并列连词补充说明理由,意为"由于,因为",不用于句首;so 表示结果,意为"因此"。

第十六章 从属结构

考点1. 状语从句

  1. 含义:状语从句(Adverbial Clause)指在句中起副词作用的从属句子,可修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可不用逗号。又称副词性从句。

  2. 状语从句连接词(按作用分类):

从句分类连接词例句
时间when/while/as;before;after;since;until;as soon as(一……就……)。主句用将来时态时,从句通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表将来(主将从现)I was doing my homework when the phone rang. 电话响的时候我正在做家庭作业。/ I will tell him everything when he comes back. 他回来时我会告诉他一切事情。
地点where;wherever;everywhere;anywhereGo wherever you like. 去你想去的地方。
原因because;as;for;since;now that(由于,既然)He didn't pass the exam because he was addicted to computer games. 他没有通过考试,因为他沉迷于电脑游戏。
让步although;though;even though;as(倒装);no matter;while(位于句首)Although it was very cold outside, she was still wearing a skirt. 虽然外面很冷,但她还是穿着裙子。
条件if;unless;in case that;only if;as long as。谓语动词通常用现在时态表将来(主将从现)They will go hiking if they are free. 如果他们有空的话,他们会去远足。
结果so that;so/such...that...It was so hot that many people went swimming in the sea. 天气太热了,许多人去海里游泳。
目的so that;in order that;lest;in case...Please speak slowly so that we can follow your thoughts. 请慢慢说,这样我们才能跟随你的想法。
比较than;as...as...She is as quiet as her mother. 她和她母亲一样安静。
方式as;as if;how;the way...We must do as the Party tells us. 我们必须遵从党的指导。

(1) 状语从句引导词的选择:需根据主从句之间的逻辑关系选择,应熟记引导各类状语从句的连词,考试中常以词义辨析形式出现。

(2) 主将从现,主现从现:在时间、条件和让步状语从句中,若主句表达将来含义,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时;若主句是一般现在时,从句也用一般现在时。

  • I will tell him about it when he comes.(时间)
  • If it is fine tomorrow, we will go outing.(条件)
  • Although I'm only a child, I'll try my best to help you.(让步)

(3) as 引导让步状语从句必须倒装,as 可和 though 互相替换,但 although 引导时不能倒装,未倒装的让步状语从句也不能用 as 引导。

  • Try as he might, he couldn't solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法,却未解决这个问题。(V 原 + as + 主语 + 动词)

考点2. 名词性分句

  1. 概念和分类:在句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses),功能相当于名词词组,在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。按语法功能可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

(1) 主语从句:在复合句中作主语,通常放在主句谓语动词之前,由连接词 that, whether, if 和连接代词 what, who, which, whatever, whoever 等以及连接副词 how, when, where, why 等引导。

  • That the price of oil will go up is certain. 石油价格要上涨是确定无疑的了。
  • it 作形式主语,构成"it + be + 过去分词/形容词/名词短语 + that 从句"或"it + 特殊动词 + that 从句"结构。It is obvious that you are late for the meeting. 很明显你开会迟到了。

(2) 宾语从句:在复合句中作宾语,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物)或介词之后,由连接代词、连接副词或连接词 that/whether/if 等引导。

  • ① 作动词的宾语:I heard that he would become our leader next month. 我听说他下个月当我们的领导。
  • ② 作介词的宾语:We are talking about whether we should admit Tom into our club. 我们正在讨论是否录入 Tom 进我们的俱乐部。
  • ③ 宾语从句的连接词主要有 that, if/whether, wh-类词:
    • that 引导:无词义,不作任何成分,口语中一般可省略。I think (that) you should ask the teacher for help.
    • if/whether 引导:不作任何成分,但有"是否"之意,不能省略。一般情况下 if/whether 可互换,但介词后和不定式前不用 if 引导。Nobody knows if/whether he will go abroad for further education. / I worry about whether I hurt his feeling. / I am just wondering whether to help him or let him do it by himself.
    • wh-类的词:一般表疑问,但 what, whatever 除了可用于疑问句,还可用于陈述句。The police asked Tom how the accident happened. / Do you know who has won the champion in the football game?
    • 注意:宾语从句一般用陈述语序。I am wondering if you could lend your camera to me.
  • ④ 宾语从句的时态:
    • 主句是一般现在时,从句时态不受限制,可用任何时态:He thinks his son lied to him. / He thinks his son will win the prize. / He thinks his son is doing homework.
    • 主句是过去时,从句要用过去时:He said that his son was doing homework. / He said that his son would go to college next September.
    • 宾语从句表示客观真理或自然现象,无论主句何种时态,从句用一般现在时:The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.
  • ⑤ 宾语从句的否定转移:大多数宾语从句否定形式与一般陈述句相同,但当谓语动词是 think, assume, believe, expect, guess, suppose 等时,常把对从句的否定转移到主句中:I don't think she can pass the exam. 我认为她不能通过考试。

(3) 表语从句:在复合句中作表语,通常位于连系动词之后,可接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。基本结构:主语 + 连系动词 + 表语从句。有时也可用 as if/though 引导,结构为 it looks/seems... as if/though...。

  • Our plan is that we'll go there once a week. 我们的计划是一周去那里一次。

(4) 同位语从句:在复合句中充当同位语,用于解释说明所修饰名词的具体内容。常见后跟同位语从句的名词有:news, advice, conclusion, demand, doubt, fact, rumor, hope, idea, information, message, order, problem, suggestion, thought, truth, evidence 等。通常由 that 引导,只起连接作用,不充当任何成分也无任何意义。

  • The idea that the black cat brings bad luck is ridiculous. 认为黑猫会带来厄运的想法是荒谬的。
  1. 引导词分类:
  • (1) 连接词 that, whether 和 if:that 本身无词义,有时可省略,可引导任何名词性从句;whether 和 if 本身有意义,不能省略。三者都只起连接作用,不充当句子成分。
    • 注意 whether 和 if 的区分:① whether 可引导所有名词性从句,if 只能引导动词后的宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句;② whether 引导从句可放在句首,if 引导从句一般只能放在主句谓语动词之后;③ whether 可与 or not 连用,if 不能。
    • Whether he will come or not is still unknown to us. 他是否会来,我们还不知道。/ I don't know if it won't rain tomorrow. 我不知道明天是不是会下雨。
  • (2) 连接代词和连接副词:
    • 连接代词有 who(主格),whom(宾格),whose(所有格),what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever 等。既起连接作用,又在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
    • 连接副词有 when, where, how, why。既起连接作用,又在从句中充当状语。
    • 注意:名词性从句一律用陈述语序。What Jessica heard at the meeting frightened her.(主)杰西卡在会议上听到的事情吓到她了。

第十七章 关系分句

考点1. 关系分句(定语从句)概说

定语从句在句中作用相当于形容词,因此又称形容词性从句。在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的有关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that 等)和关系副词(where, when, why 等),关系代词和关系副词在从句中担任句子成分。

  • The girl (who wears a red dress) is my sister. 这个(穿红裙子的)女孩是我姐姐。
    • 先行词:the girl;关系代词:who

考点2. 关系词的选择

(1) 关系代词在从句中有三个作用:① 连词作用,连接主句和从句;② 代词作用,指代先行词;③ 语法作用,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

(2) 关系副词引导的定语从句分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因等的先行词,这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。

引导词指代对象及在从句中充当的成分例句
that(关系代词)指人或物,充当主语、宾语或表语The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important. 你昨天错过的会议很重要。
which(关系代词)仅指物,充当主语、宾语或表语I like the cake which you bought yesterday. 我喜欢你昨天买的蛋糕。
who(关系代词)仅指人,充当主语或宾语He is the teacher who helped me. 他就是那个帮助过我的老师。
whom(关系代词)仅指人,仅作宾语She is the girl whom I met at the party. 她就是我在宴会上遇见的女孩。
whose(关系代词)指人或物,充当定语,相当于先行词的所有格The old lady whose legs disabled was my teacher. 这个双腿残疾的老太太是我曾经的老师。
as(关系代词)指人或物或整句话,充当主语、宾语或表语As we all know, he studies very hard. 众所周知,他学习很努力。
where(关系副词)指地点,充当地点状语Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的故乡。
when(关系副词)指时间,充当时间状语That was the day when I first met my wife. 那天我第一次见到我妻子。
why(关系副词)指原因(先行词只能是 reason),充当原因状语She doesn't know the reason why I dislike her. 她不知道我为什么不喜欢她。

1. 介词 + 关系代词: 如果 which 或 whom 在定语从句中充当介词的宾语,则这个介词可提前到从句前,构成"介词 + 关系代词"引导的定语从句。介词 + 关系代词引导从句时,引导词不能用 that,指人用 whom,指物用 which,且不可省略。介词的选择可根据从句谓语动词的搭配确定。

  • This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
  • 注意:① 介词 + 关系代词在从句中如果充当地点、时间或原因状语,有时可替换成对应的关系副词。It's one of the few countries in which (= where) people drive on the left. ② 当介词和从句中的谓语构成固定短语动词时,一般不能拆开提前(如 look after, look for, look forward to 等)。The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.

2. 引导词的选择: 判断定语从句引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词时,要先判断从句是否缺少主宾结构(whose 要看是否缺少定语),如果不缺,或谓语动词是不及物动词或被动语态,则从句就用关系副词或介词 + 关系代词来引导。

  • His father died the year when he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年去世了。
  • 注意:在表示"方式、时间、地点、理由"等的词语后,可用 that 代替关系副词 when, where, why 等,相当于"介词 + which",修饰的先行词通常为 the way, the time, the day, the place 等,that 一般可省略。The way (that/in which) he did the thing was strange and funny. 他做那件事的方式既奇特又滑稽。

3. 关系代词用 that 的情况:

  • (1) 当先行词为不定代词或被不定代词修饰(all, little, something, everything, nothing, someone, anyone, anybody 等),关系代词一般用 that,在从句中作宾语时 that 可省略。Please just tell me anything (that) you know about the author of the book. 请告诉我你所知道的关于这本书作者的一切情况。
  • (2) 当先行词是序数词或最高级,或被序数词或最高级修饰时,关系代词只能用 that。This is the most touching story that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最感人的故事。/ The first thing that we need to do is to find a hotel to have a rest. 我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一家宾馆休息一下。
  • (3) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the last 等修饰时,关系代词只能用 that。He was the only person that was present at the time. 他是当时唯一在场的人。
  • (4) 当先行词既有人也有物时,定语从句用 that 引导。They are talking about the workers and the factory that they have visited. 他们正在谈论访问过的工人和参观过的工厂。
  • (5) 当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的疑问句时,定语从句用 that 引导。Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd? 站在人群前面的那个人是谁?

考点3. 非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句通常是对先行词的附加说明,用逗号将其与主句隔开,放置在句中、句尾皆可,所处位置比限制性定语从句更灵活。

  • The woman, who wears a pair of sunglasses, is a famous movie star. 那个戴太阳镜的女人是一位著名的电影明星。
  • 注意:that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。

第十八章 强调

考点1. 强调句

强调是为加强句子语气、突出说话重点、区别不同意思等。英语书面语中表示强调的手段主要有词汇和语法两种。通过语法手段实现强调的句型:

  1. It is/was + 强调部分 + that + 剩下部分,被强调部分可以是主语、宾语、状语或表语。
  • It was on the corner that I ran into a murder. 就是在街角,我撞见了一起凶杀。(强调状语)
  • It was he that (who) went to that place at that time yesterday. 昨天那个时候去那个地方的正是他。(强调主语)
  • It was those girls in red dress that he aimed at. 他的目标是那些穿红裙子的女孩。(强调宾语)
  • 注意:此句型不强调谓语。
  1. It was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 剩下部分,that 后面的句子要用肯定句以及陈述语气。
  • It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘下墨镜,我才认出她是一位著名的电影明星。
  1. 强调部分为从句或含有从句的情况:
  • (1) 强调原因状语时,状语从句只能用 because 引导,不用 as, since, for 等。It was because I could speak English that I got the job. 因为我会讲英语,所以我得到一份工作。
  • (2) 强调部分含有定语从句:It was in the factory (that I visited) that I met my old friend. 我是在我参观的工厂里遇见我的老朋友的。
  1. 强调含有 not...but..., not only...but also..., either...or..., neither...nor..., as well as 等词组构成的句子。
  • It was neither you nor he that is willing to go to the Great Wall. 你和他都不愿意去长城。
  • It was he as well as his classmates who has ever been to Suzhou. 他和他的同学都去过苏州。
  1. 一般疑问句的强调句式为"Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他"。特殊疑问句的强调句式是"特殊疑问词 + is/was it that + 陈述句语序",特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以被强调。
  • Was it Sally that phoned just now? 刚才打电话的人是莎莉吗?
  • When was it that you lost your keys? 你究竟什么时候丢的钥匙?

考点2. 倒装句

英语句子基本语序通常是"主语在前,谓语在后"。根据需要将谓语动词的全部或一部分放在主语前面,称为倒装句语序。

1. 完全倒装:谓语部分完全放在主语之前。

  • (1) there 位于句首 + 表移动(come, go, be)或状态(stand, live, lie)的谓语动词。There exists some misunderstanding between them. 他们之间有点儿误会。/ There stands a stone bridge across the river. 河上有座桥。
  • (2) 表时间/方位/地点的副词或介词短语位于句首(now, then, here, down, in 等),且谓语动词为表移动或状态的动词。Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。/ Through the window came out the sweet music. 悦耳的音乐从窗户里传出来。
    • 注意:此句型后主语为代词时不倒装(名倒代不倒)。Here you are. 给你。

2. 部分倒装:只把 be 动词、助动词、情态动词提到主语前。

  • (1) 否定倒装:含否定意义的词位于句首引起部分倒装。常见否定词:never, nor, not, seldom, rarely, hardly, few, little。否定短语:at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, in no way, on no condition, by no means 等。Seldom does he read in his free time. 他从不在休闲时间阅读。/ By no means can he get there in ten minutes. 他决不能在十分钟内到达那里。
  • (2) only 位于句首 + 副词/介词短语/状语从句。Only by shouting did we realize the meaning of this poem. 只有通过呼喊,我们才意识到这首诗的意义。
  • (3) 频度状语位于句首。Often have I warned him not to go swimming alone. 我经常警告他不要一个人去游泳。
  • (4) not...until(不……直到),no sooner...than(一……就),hardly...when(一……就),scarcely...when(刚……就),so...that(如此……以至于),such...that(如此……以至于)句型中,主句倒装,从句语序正常(主倒从不倒)。Not until I finished my homework did I go to bed. 我直到做完作业才上床睡觉。/ No sooner had I got to the station than the train left. 我一到车站火车就开走了。

3. 强调倒装:将要强调的成分(状语/表语/宾语)放在句首引起的倒装。

  • Such are the facts.(表)事实如此。
  • Across the river lies a newly built steel bridge.(状)新建的一座钢桥横跨这条河流。
  • What he did I cannot imagine.(宾)我想不出他做了什么。

4. 反复倒装:如果前面所述情况也适用于后者,后面的句子常用 so, neither 或 nor 引出倒装句。

  • She has been to New York and so have I. 她去过纽约,我也去过。
  • Lily has never seen snow; neither/nor has Tom. 莉莉从没有见过雪,汤姆也没有。

5. as, though 引导让步状语从句时的倒装: as 引导让步状语从句时,从句需倒装,即将表语、状语或动词原形提至句首;当名词置于句首时前面不加任何冠词。though 引导让步状语从句可倒可不倒。

  • Strong as the enemy is, we are not afraid. 敌人虽然强大,我们却不惧怕。
  • Child as he is, he knows a lot of things. 尽管他还是个孩子,却知道很多事情。

翻译

第一章 翻译的标准、过程及对译作的要求

考点1. 翻译的标准

要点 所谓表达,就是通过译文的形式准确无误地再现原文的内容。译者在忠实于原文内容的前提下,灵活运用各种翻译技巧和知识,写出语言规范、语句通顺的译文。译文的表达应遵循三个基本原则:忠实原文、逻辑清晰、语言规范。

  • 忠实原文:译文表达必须最大限度地忠实于原文的内容,对原文的任何曲解或偏离都会造成误译,使译文质量受到损害。

例句

  • The new secretary was rude to the workers, but when she talks to the boss, butter wouldn't melt in her mouth.
    • [原译文] 这位新秘书对工人的态度很粗鲁,可是跟老板谈话时,黄油含在她嘴里也不化。
    • [改译] 这位新秘书对工人的态度很粗鲁,可是跟老板谈话时却满口的奉承话。

考点2. 逻辑清晰

要点 原文中隐含的一些逻辑关系,在译文表达中必须清楚地传达出来,否则译文不是牵强附会,就是与原文貌合神离。

例句

  • With these differences in culture, Chinese trade show industry is definitely getting better and better recently.
    • [原译文] 有这些文化差异,中国的贸易展行业在蒸蒸日上,这一点毋庸置疑。
    • [改译] 尽管存在文化差异,中国的贸易展行业却在蒸蒸日上,这一点毋庸置疑。

考点3. 语言规范

要点 英语重形合,句法比较刻板,主从句之间要使用连接词;汉语重意合,主从句靠意义贯穿,不用或少用连接词。若翻译时过于拘谨、不敢摆脱英语原文结构束缚,译出的句子就会洋腔洋调。应根据译入语(汉语)的表达习惯对译文作必要调整,使之通顺地道。

例句

  • The temptation was so great that those who were watching from the sidelines also rushed to the tulip markets.
    • [原译文] 诱惑是如此之大,以至于那些原本持观望态度的人也纷纷加入郁金香生意的行列中来。
    • [析] so...that... 结构一般表示"如此……以至于……",但汉语中较少这样使用,宜改译为:一些原来持旁观态度的人再也经受不住如此巨大的诱惑,纷纷加入郁金香生意的行列中来。

第四章 英译汉常用的方法和技巧

考点1. 语序调整

要点(1)插入语的调整 插入语一般是对一句话附加的解释、说明或总结,是独立成分,不与句子构成语法关系,常用逗号与其他部分隔开,用于解释、说明、总结、强调、表达说话者的态度和看法等。

  • 汉语插入语常前置:依我看,这事儿就应该严肃处理;说句实在话,兵来将挡水来土掩。
  • 英语插入语位置较灵活:It is, however, not his fault. / However, it is not his fault. / It is not his fault, however.
  • 英译汉时,英文中放在句中或句尾的插入语一般需前置,故上例可译为:然而,这不是他的错。

要点(2)定语的调整 定语用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征(形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句等均可作定语)。

  • 汉语定语常前置:美丽的花儿;不肯吃饭的小女孩。
  • 英语定语位置较灵活:beautiful flower / a girl who eats nothing / a girl in black。
  • 英译汉时,放在名词或代词后的定语一般前置,可译为:美丽的花儿;不肯吃饭的小女孩;穿黑衣服的女孩。

要点(3)状语的调整 状语是修饰动作(谓语)的词。

  • 汉语一般状语位置:他明天下午两点要飞回洛杉矶。他们轻而易举地解决了这个问题。
  • 汉语句首状语位置:为了更好实现这个目标,我们必须全力以赴!2008 年 8 月 8 日,北京奥运会盛大开幕。
  • 英语状语位置较灵活:He will fly to Beijing tomorrow afternoon. / We will meet in Guangzhou. / They solved the problem easily. / 20 years ago, she lived in Beijing. / In America, business is the most important. / In 1949, China was fully emancipated.
  • 总结:汉语状语位置相对固定,一般位于主语之后或句首;英语状语位置较灵活。英译汉时,句首状语顺译即可,句中或句末状语提至主语之后或置于句首。上例可译为:他明天下午将飞去北京;我们将在广州见面;他们很容易地解决了这个问题;20 年前,她在北京;在美国,商业是最重要的;1949 年,中国全面解放。

要点(4)it 做形式主语的调整 英语非人称代词 it 具有明显的物称倾向,作形式主语时无实际语义,只为满足语法需要,可避免使用 I、we、you 等人称代词,避免提及自己或读者。它代替的是句子的逻辑主语,英译汉时需把逻辑主语(真正的主语)提前。逻辑主语有以下情况:

  • ① 不定式做逻辑主语:It is very kind of you to help me in time.(你能及时帮助我简直太好了。)
  • ② 从句做逻辑主语:It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(英语作为一门国际语言正日益为人们所接受,这是一个事实。)
  • ③ 动名词做逻辑主语:It is no use reasoning with him.(跟他讲道理是没有用的。)

易错点 当从句做逻辑主语时,可灵活处理,视句子情况确定是否需要将逻辑主语提前。若逻辑主语(从句)过长,可按原句顺序顺译:It is extremely obvious that she has been lying about her identity.(很明显的是,她一直在隐瞒自己的身份。)若提前则成"她一直隐瞒自己的身份,这是很明显的",虽无错误但不合汉语习惯、过重。故 It is adj. + that + 从句 可译成"……的是,+ 从句部分的译文"。

考点2. 定语从句的处理

要点 定语从句是常见从句,也是各类考试必考点。英译汉时参考以下方法:

(1)前置法,译成"……的" 对较短的定语从句,可将定语从句译在先行词前,起形容词作用,用"的"连接先行词。

  • The man who had robbed the bank was arrested by the police.(那个抢劫银行的人已经被警察抓了。)

(2)后置法,重复先行词 定语从句较长时不宜前置,宜将定语从句拆分成几个并列小分句或独立句子,按原文结构先译主句再译从句,拆分时可重复先行词。

  • They are striving for a same dream that will eventually come to reality in one day.(他们在为同一个梦想而奋斗,这个梦想在未来某一天终将会实现。)

(3)分译法,译成独立句 对较长的非限制性定语从句,一般将主句和从句分开,把非限制性定语从句译成一个独立的句子。

  • Anyway, the problem was solved successfully, which showed that she was right.(无论如何,问题成功地解决了,这表明她是对的。)

考点3. 被动语态的处理

要点 以"人"为主语的句子称"人称主语句",以"物"为主的称"物称主语句"。人称主语句较主观,物称主语句较客观。英语较多使用物称表达法,让事物以客观形式呈现,少用人称叙述;汉语较多从自我出发,倾向于描述人及其行为或状态,常用人称表达法。因此英语多用被动句,汉语多用主动句,英译汉时常将英语被动句改为汉语主动句。

  • National Day is enthusiastically celebrated by Chinese people on Oct. 1st every year.(每年的 10 月 1 日,中国人民都会热烈庆祝国庆节。)

(1)把原句宾语转换成译文主语 当英文原句为"动作受动者(主语) + 被动形式 + 动作发出者(宾语)"时,可将发出者转为主语。

  • She was given a new pen by her father.(她爸爸送给她一支新的钢笔。)

(2)补充主语 在特定环境中,主语动作的发起者显而易见时,原句常省略动作发起者,翻译时可适当添加主语使句子完整。

  • The issue has not yet been wholly explored.(迄今为止,人们对这一议题还没有完全参透。)

考点4. 英译汉翻译的步骤

要点 英译汉句子翻译基本步骤:1. 结构分析 → 2. 句子拆分或断句 → 3. 分块翻译 → 4. 整合译文 → 5. 重读,检查校对。

1. 结构分析 英语句子结构通常分三种:

  • (1)简单句:只包含一个主谓结构。She is fond of collecting stamps.(她热衷于收集邮票。)
  • (2)并列句:包含两个或两个以上主谓结构,句间用并列连词或分号连接。The food was good, but he had little appetite.(食物很好吃,但他没什么胃口。)
  • (3)复合句:包含一个主句和一个或几个从句,从句由从属连词引导。The film had begun when we got to the cinema.

了解基本结构后,可初步判断需翻译的句子是简单句还是复杂句:简单句基本断句后翻译即可,注意词语处理;复杂句需进一步分析主从句,找出连接词及主从间的逻辑关系。

2. 句子拆分或断句 句子基本成分回顾:

成分说明代表
主语动作发出者n. / pron.Lucy wrote a book.
谓语说明主语动作或状态v.Lucy wrote a book.
宾语动作承受者或对象n. / pron. / num.Lucy wrote a book.
定语限定/修饰名词adj.Lucy wrote a good book.
状语修饰动词、形容词等adv.Lucy wrote a very good book.
补语补充说明主语或宾语adj. / n.Lucy finds it difficult.
表语说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态,常接系动词后n. / adj.Lucy is a writer.
同位语指代同一事物的词或短语n.Lucy, my friend, is a writer.

拆分依据主要是语法,要点如下:

  • ① 拆分原则:主从拆开,即把句子主干和修饰成分拆开,断句用"/"表示。Their relative simplicity, and need for little equipment ensured / that it became very popular.
  • ② 拆分点:引导词/连接词、并列连词(除非连接的是两个单词则不拆)、标点符号、介词处(固定搭配不拆)、非谓语、主语很长时(拆到谓语动词之前)。Their relative simplicity, / and need for little equipment / ensured / that it became very popular.
  • ③ 例外:拆分后内容很短或意思很简单,就不拆分。

易错点:考生英译汉时常出现译文连自己都不知所云的情况,最重要原因是结构没处理好。读起来不通顺时,可重新断句。

3. 分块翻译 拆分断句后,以意群或句段(非段落)为单位推敲词义,分块翻译。

  • Their relative simplicity / and need for little equipment / ensured / that it became very popular.
    • Their relative simplicity(他们的相对简洁性);and need for little equipment(以及对设备的接近零需求);ensured(确保了);that it became very popular(它变得非常流行)。

4. 整合译文 分块翻译后整合,得初步译文:他们相对的简洁性以及对设备的接近零需求确保了它变得非常流行。

5. 重读,检查校对 重读译文使之通顺、符合中文表达习惯,并检查有无漏译或误译。

  • 还原上下文:In 1863 the Football Association was established in England, and the rules of the game have remained essentially the same ever since. Their relative simplicity, and need for little equipment ensured that it became very popular. The power of the British Empire meant that it became played in every corner of the world. 可知 their 与 it 指足球运动,宜将词义具体化;simplicity、need 虽为名词,但可转换为动词(词性转换)使译文更地道,分别译为"简单易行""不需要多少设施";句子间还含潜在因果关系。优化译文:足球运动(规则)相对简单易行,而且不需要多少设施,因而这项运动迅速风靡英伦。

易错点(代词处理)

  • (1)遇代词,若直译成代词意思能表达清楚,则不需具体化;
  • (2)若直译成代词意思表达不清楚,则需具体化;
  • (3)如何确定代词具体化内容:就近原则、一致原则(语法、意思一致);
  • (4)若找不到代词 it 所指代内容或不认识,就译成"这"或"那",不要直译成"它"。

注意:近年考试取消了英译汉,这部分了解为主。

考点5. 汉译英翻译步骤

要点 汉译英句子翻译基本步骤:1. 句子拆分或断句 → 2. 找谓语,确定主干 → 3. 分块翻译 → 4. 整合译文 → 5. 重读,检查校对。

中英语言几个最大不同点:

  • (1)语序不同:中文——先出主语 + 废话(定语、状语、补语、插入语等)+ 最重要成分;英文——先出主语 + 最重要成分 + 废话。
  • (2)长短差异:中文善用短句;英文善用长句。
  • (3)动静差异:中文善用动词;英文善用名词。
  • (4)意形差异:中文重意合;英文重形合。

(1)句子拆分 中文句子较短,句间一般不用连接词而多用逗号,需判断哪些句子或部分应放在一起翻译,用"/"表示。

  • 听了老师的话,/学生们恍然大悟,/才知道/文学成就不是唾手可得。

(2)找谓语,确定主干 找到中文句子的核心动词,判断哪个动词重要,确定译文(英语)的谓语与主干。

  • 听了老师的话,/学生们恍然大悟,/才知道/文学成就不是唾手可得。
    • 动词有"听了""恍然大悟""知道""是"。"恍然大悟"是核心动词,"听了老师的话"之后学生们才"突然明白",其后的"文学成就不是唾手可得"正是"恍然大悟"的内容,可作为其宾语(宾语从句,其中"是"为从句核心动词);"听了"可变成非谓语。

易错点(谓语动词的层次性) 面对汉语多个动词,须挑出核心动词。中文是动态性语言,动词较多;英文是静态性语言,名词、非谓语动词、从句、介词等较多,一个句子只有一个谓语。须判断哪个动词更重要(做谓语)、哪个次重要(变非谓语)、哪个最不重要(变介词短语或不译)。一般按动作发生先后顺序判断,先发生的动词比后发生的重要,但并非绝对。

(3)分块翻译 核心动词确定后,动作发出者(主语)随之确定,主干即出。

  • ① "学生们恍然大悟" = "学生们突然明白":the students realized immediately;
  • ② "才知道"与"恍然大悟"同义,不需译出;"文学成就不是唾手可得" = "不是轻而易举就能得到",宾语从句谓语为"是":success in literary creation is not something easy to obtain;
  • ③ "听了老师的话"用分词做状语,受老师启发而明白,译作:Enlightened by the teacher's words。

(4)整合译文

  • Enlightened by the teacher's words, the students realized (that) immediately success in literary creation is not something easy to obtain.

(5)重读,检查校对 重读英语译文,检查是否有不符合英语表达习惯之处或语法错误,至关重要。

翻译技巧

  • ① 断句时可在每个句子间加上合适连词,看逻辑关系是否成立——汉语多隐性逻辑,通过此步可将隐性逻辑在英语译文中体现出来。
  • ② 汉译英不要急着下笔,确定谓语动词时可多朗读句子,把汉语用大白话理解通透,翻译就容易下笔。如直接想"恍然大悟""唾手可得"对应的英语较费劲,而先理解成大白话,基础一般的考生也能从自己的词汇层级和能力水平去翻译,哪怕不能拿满分,基础分肯定能拿到——毕竟翻译没有最好,只有更好。

写作

第一章 写作基本要点

考点1. 基本句型

句型结构例子
1. S + Vi.(Vi 是不及物动词)主谓He changed.
2. S + Vt. + O.(Vt 是及物动词)主谓宾He bought a house.(名词作宾语)
3. S + VL + P主系表I am a student.(名词作表语)
4. S + Vt. + O1(sb.) + O2(sth.)主谓双宾He gave me two pens.
5. S + Vt. + O + OC主谓宾宾补He keeps his room clean.(形容词作补足语)

考点2. 并列句

要点 并列句(Compound Sentence)由两个或多个简单句构成,各分句间往往由逗号加一个连接词(and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)连接,分句间地位相当、内容相互关联。

(1)表示并列(顺承)关系,分句间用 and 连接。

  • Jane works at the Family Planning Clinic and her husband Smith does research work for the same unit.(简在计划生育诊所工作,她的丈夫史密斯在同一单位做研究工作。)本句由 and 连接两个简单句,两简单句表达含义具有同等地位。

(2)表示转折关系,分句间用 but 或 while 连接。

  • I like playing basketball, but I hate talking about the skills.(我喜欢打篮球,但我讨厌谈论技术。)本句由两个简单句构成。

(3)表示选择关系

  • ① 分句间用 or(或者),用于肯定句:You can die or you can eat something else.(你可以去死,也可以吃点其它东西。)
  • ② 分句间用 nor(也不),用于否定句,搭配:nor + be动词/助动词/情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他部分。I have no idea about the plan, nor do I know what to do next.(我不知道这个计划,也不知道下一步做什么。)

(4)表示因果关系

  • ① 分句间用 so(因此,所以)连接:The heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped playing basketball.(突然下起了大雨,所以我们停止了打篮球。)
  • ② 分句间用 for(因为)连接:I was late for the school this morning, for I missed the early bus.(今天早上我上学迟到了,因为我错过了早班车。)

考点3. 主从复合句

要点 主从复合句指含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子,其中一个(或更多)主谓结构充当整个句子的某一(些)成分。充当定语的句子叫定语从句,充当状语的叫状语从句,充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语的叫名词性从句。

易错点:主句与从句之间要用连接词连接。

考点4. 写句子

要点(写出句子基本语序)

  • Every morning, I go jogging in the park near my house.(每天早上,我要到我家附近的公园去跑步。)

写句子时的基本语法要求

  • ① 一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词(主语发出的最主要动词)。
    • a. 谓语动词须注意人称和时态;
    • b. 对应人称,特别注意第三人称单数,对应一般现在时;
    • c. 一般过去时的 be 动词对应人称有单复数变化。

要点(时态)

时态例子
一般现在时(常态)I like reading.
一般过去时(过去发生的事情)I read yesterday.
一般将来时(将来才要发生的事情)I will read tomorrow.
现在进行时(现在正在进行的动作)I am reading.
过去进行时(过去正在进行的动作)I was reading yesterday afternoon.
现在完成时(从过去发生,动作或状态持续到现在才结束或未结束,影响还要继续下去)I have read three books till now.
  • ③ 名词要注意可数和不可数,可数名词要注意单复数。
    • a. 用到可数名词表单数时,前面一定要加冠词;
    • b. 如果不是表示可数名词的单数,一定要变复数。I read a book yesterday. / I read books yesterday.
  • ④ 在确定谓语动词的情况下,其他动词有五种处理方法:
    • a. 变成非谓语动词之一的现在分词或动名词;
    • b. 变成非谓语动词之一的过去分词;
    • c. 变成非谓语动词之一的不定式;
    • d. 变成从句中的谓语动词;
    • e. 变成其他的词性。

第二章 概要性写作

考点1. 写作要求

要点 概要写作应满足以下五个要求:

  1. 完整(Complete)
  2. 客观(Objective)
  3. 简洁(Brief)
  4. 连贯(Coherent)
  5. 精确(Accurate)

考点2. 写作技巧

要点

  1. 确定体裁,明确主题及结构:
体裁结构
记叙文人物 + 时间 + 地点 + 事件(起因 + 发展 + 结果)
说明文事物的性质功能:对象 + 性质功能 + 利好;问题的解决方法或措施:问题 + 解决方法;现象类:现象 + 原因 + 结果
议论文主题 + 补充论据(+ 结论)
  1. 确定主题句,找关键信息:划出每一段的主题句,抓住关键信息,忽略次要信息。
  2. 改写关键信息,得出要点:使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式,或使用不同的句子结构表达同一意思(如改变语态、肯定变否定等),避免抄袭原文句子。
  3. 添加连接词,使行文连贯:牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接,用恰当的关联词连贯全文。常用关联词有 however, besides, in addition, therefore, instead 等。

例句(示例) 阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。

An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile late on Tuesday, cutting power and leading to small landslides and a tsunami. Four men and one woman died—two who suffered heart attacks and three who were crushed. About 300 prisoners escaped from the northern port city of Iquique in the immediate aftershock. The quake struck at about 8:46 p.m. local time, some 60 miles northwest of Iquique. It had a depth of 12.5 miles. Chile's National Emergency Office asked coastal residents to leave for safe places. "The fact is, we will know the extent of the damage as time goes by and when we inspect the areas in the light of day," Chile's President Michelle Bachelet said early on Wednesday. "The country has faced these first emergency hours very well." Residents in the port city of Antofagasta walked calmly through the streets to higher ground as traffic became heavy in some places. "Many people are fearful after experiencing the powerful earthquake in 2010, so they immediately rushed to higher ground when they heard the tsunami warning," said a government official. "There have been lots of aftershocks and communications have been cut off in many of the affected areas. So people are waiting in the dark hills, not knowing what is to come, and hoping they will be able to return to their homes safely." The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center sent out several tsunami warnings, but called off all of them by early Wednesday. Tsunami waves of more than six feet caused by the earthquake washed ashore on the coast of Pisagua. Iquique, with a population of more than 200,000, saw seven-foot waves.

第一步:要点提炼

  • 要点1:地震发生的时间、地点;
  • 要点2:地震导致的结果:电力中断、人员伤亡等;
  • 要点3:余震导致的结果;
  • 要点4:地震导致了海啸。

第二步:要点翻译

  1. 一场 8.2 级的地震在当地时间晚上 8:46 袭击了智利北部海岸。An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile at 8:46 p.m. local time.
  2. 这场地震导致了电力中断、五人死亡。The earthquake caused power cuts and five deaths.
  3. 在很多地震灾区通信中断。(cut off) Communications were cut off in many of the earthquake-hit areas.
  4. 地震导致了六英尺多高的海啸波浪。(cause) Tsunami waves of more than six feet were caused by the earthquake.
  5. 这些海浪席卷了皮萨瓜沿岸。These waves washed ashore on the coast of Pisagua.

第三步:词句升级

  1. 用分词短语作状语升级要点1和要点2:An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile at 8:46 p.m. local time, causing power cuts and five deaths.
  2. 用分词短语作定语升级要点4和要点5:Tsunami waves of more than six feet caused by the earthquake washed ashore on the coast of Pisagua.

第四步:连句成篇 An 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of northern Chile at 8:46 p.m. local time, causing power cuts and five deaths. (要点1) There were lots of aftershocks and communications were cut off in many of the earthquake-hit areas. (要点2) Tsunami waves of more than six feet caused by the earthquake washed ashore on the coast of Pisagua. (要点3)

第三章 话题式写作

考点1. 观点陈述型

写作模板(仅供参考) With the development of... 某一现象或事物的现状. As far as I am concerned, 表达自己的观点和看法. The reasons can be illustrated as following. For one thing, I firmly believe that 分论点一 + [支撑句]或[细节句]. For another, 分论点二 + [支撑句]或[细节句]. Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that... Only if... can we... (或 Overall, I think 重申自己的观点和看法).

完整范文 In this age, with the development of our society, we notice that arts still play an essential role in people's daily lives. As far as I am concerned, the function of art is to enrich people's spiritual life and improve country's cultural and national identity. The reasons can be illustrated as following. For one thing, I firmly believe that arts create beauty and stimulate imagination, and therefore provide enjoyment in an aesthetic way. A beautiful painting or song, for example, can bring a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment for the viewer or audience. For another, art is a perfect embodiment of a country's cultural and national identity. A good example of this is that those who have ever been to Europe are often amazed at locals' artistic taste and aesthetic knowledge. Overall, I think the function of art influences not only on the individuals but also on the whole country.

考点2. 观点选择类

写作模板(仅供参考) Different people have different views on 某一现象或事物. Some people think that... whereas others argue that... As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that... For one thing, I firmly believe that 分论点一 + [支撑句]或[细节句]. For another, 分论点二 + [支撑句]或[细节句]. Therefore, in my opinion, 重申自己的观点和看法.

完整范文 People have different expectations for jobs. Some prefer to stay in the same job for the same company while others prefer to try different things and hop from one job to another. In my opinion, I totally agree on trying different jobs. In my view, there are two reasons to support my opinion. At the most basic level, people find that changing jobs can often bring them the pay rise they expect. Therefore, they can lead better life and improve their living quality. The second reason is that by doing different jobs or careers, people can increase their work experience and eventually become more versatile. This may give them a competitive edge, especially in today's job market where an all-round employee is always preferred. Therefore, in my opinion, it's advisable to choose to change jobs rather than staying in the same company all the time.

考点3. 现象/观点分析类

写作模板一(仅供参考) Nowadays, we often hear that 题目提及的问题、趋势或现象. This phenomenon is not accidental, and there are social and individual backgrounds. For one thing, 具体原因一 + [细节句]. For another, 具体原因二 + [细节句]. As far as I am concerned, the reasons why + 现象/观点 are + 重复原因. I hold a belief that 个人看法(可要可不要).

完整范文 Nowadays, we often hear that more and more people choose to work from home. Such working mode is not only beneficial for employees at home, but also for the environment. My reasons will be explored as below. The telecommuting staff can save significant amounts of travel time and transit costs by being allowed to work in the comforts of home. At home, employees are free to do as they please, like being in shorts and T-shirts and enjoying music. For a society seriously troubled with air pollution and transport problems, WFH could be partly the solution. This advantage is particularly true during the rush hours because the more there is traffic congestion, the more there are emissions of gas from motorized vehicles. In a word, the reasons why people choose to work from home are that telework is used not only to help employees enhance balance between work and life but also to achieve reduction in environmental impacts on communities.

仅供个人学习 · 考生回忆版 · 非考试院原卷