📐 语法考点精讲
专升本英语核心语法 | 时态/语态/从句/虚拟语气/非谓语
📝 真题专项:主谓一致 13-27 题(含答案与解析)
一、动词时态(🔥 必考)
⏰ 三大核心时态
| 时态 | 结构 | 用法 | 标志词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | do/does | 习惯、真理、状态 | always, usually, often, every... |
| 一般过去时 | did | 过去发生的动作 | yesterday, last..., ago, in 2020 |
| 一般将来时 | will do | 将要发生的动作 | tomorrow, next..., soon, in the future |
🔥 完形/语法填空最高频时态
| 时态 | 结构 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在完成时 | have/has done | 过去发生对现在有影响 / 持续到现在 |
| 过去完成时 | had done | 过去的过去(站在过去看更早) |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | 此刻正在发生 |
| 过去进行时 | was/were doing | 过去某时刻正在发生 |
| 现在完成进行时 | have/has been doing | 从过去到现在一直持续 |
真题规律: 80%的时态题在 一般过去时、现在完成时、一般现在时 三者之间选择
timeline
title 核心时态时间轴(左=过去 · 右=未来)
section 过去
一般过去时 : did,动作在过去完成<br/>yesterday / ago / in 2020
过去完成时 : had done,"过去的过去"<br/>站在过去看更早
section 现在
一般现在时 : do/does,习惯真理状态
现在完成时 : have/has done,过去发生影响现在<br/>since / for / already / yet
现在进行时 : am/is/are doing,此刻正在发生
section 将来
一般将来时 : will do,将要发生<br/>tomorrow / next / in the future📌 80% 时态题就考这三选:一般过去(动作在过去的某时点)vs 现在完成(过去发生、对现在有影响,不能用具体时间)vs 一般现在(习惯/真理)。
📌 现在完成时 vs 一般过去时(必考辨析)
| 维度 | 现在完成时 | 一般过去时 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间焦点 | 现在(关注结果) | 过去(关注动作本身) |
| 能否用具体时间 | ❌ 不能 | ✅ 可以 |
| 例句 | I have seen the movie.(现在知道内容) | I saw the movie last night. |
标志词区分:
- 完成时:already, yet, ever, never, just, recently, so far, since, for
- 过去时:yesterday, last..., ...ago, in 2020, when I was...
二、被动语态
结构公式
be + done (过去分词)各时态被动语态
| 时态 | 被动结构 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | am/is/are + done |
| 一般过去时 | was/were + done |
| 一般将来时 | will be + done |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been + done |
| 过去完成时 | had been + done |
| 情态动词 | can/must/may + be + done |
易错点
- 主动表被动: need/want/require + doing = need to be done
- The car needs washing. = The car needs to be washed.
- 感官动词: look, sound, feel, taste, smell + 形容词(主动表被动)
- The flower smells good.
三、三大从句(🔥🔥 必考)
mindmap
root((三大从句))
定语从句
修饰名词
关系代词 who/which/that/whose
非限制性不能用 that
名词性从句
主语从句 what/that/whether
宾语从句 that/if/wh-
表语从句 that/whether/wh-
同位语从句 that
状语从句
时间 when/while/before/until
条件 if/unless/as long as
原因 because/since/as
让步 although/though/even though
目的 so that/in order that
结果 so...that/such...that📌 记忆:定语从句修饰名词(who/which/that)→ 名词性从句充当主语宾语(that/whether/what)→ 状语从句表时间条件原因让步(when/if/because/although)。
1️⃣ 定语从句
| 先行词 | 人 | 物 | 人+物/所有格 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主格 | who/that | which/that | that |
| 宾格 | who(m)/that | which/that | that |
| 所有格 | whose | whose/of which | whose |
非限制性定语从句: 不能用 that,用 which / who
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
2️⃣ 名词性从句
| 类型 | 引导词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | that / whether / what | What he said is true. |
| 宾语从句 | that / if/whether / wh- | I think that he is right. |
| 表语从句 | that / whether / wh- | The question is whether we should go. |
| 同位语从句 | that | The news that he won surprised us. |
3️⃣ 状语从句
| 类型 | 引导词 |
|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as |
| 条件 | if, unless, as long as, provided that |
| 原因 | because, since, as, now that |
| 让步 | although, though, even though, while, no matter... |
| 目的 | so that, in order that |
| 结果 | so...that, such...that |
四、虚拟语气(🔥 必考)
三类条件句对比
| 类型 | if从句 | 主句 |
|---|---|---|
| 与现在相反 | did/were | would/could/might + do |
| 与过去相反 | had done | would/could/might + have done |
| 与将来相反 | should do / were to do | would/could/might + do |
专升本规律: 80%的虚拟语气题只考前两种(与现在/过去相反)
flowchart TD
A[if 虚拟条件句] --> B[与现在相反<br/>if did/were<br/>→ would/could + do]
A --> C[与过去相反<br/>if had done<br/>→ would/could + have done]
A --> D[与将来相反<br/>if should do/were to do<br/>→ would/could + do]
style A fill:#2F6B9E,color:#fff
style B fill:#C0392B,color:#fff
style C fill:#E67E22,color:#fff
style D fill:#27AE60,color:#fff📌 记忆:时态往后退一格——现在→过去(did),过去→过去完成(had done),将来→should/were to。
其他虚拟语气考点
| 考点 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 建议/命令/要求 | should do(should可省) | He suggested that she (should) go. |
| wish后 | 时态退一格 | I wish I were a bird. |
| as if/though | 时态退一格 | He talks as if he knew everything. |
| It's time that... | 用过去式 | It's time that we left. |
| would rather that... | 用过去式 | I'd rather you came tomorrow. |
动词清单(接 that 虚拟): suggest, advise, propose, recommend, insist, order, command, require, request, demand
五、非谓语动词(🔥🔥 必考)
| 形式 | 意义 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 目的、将来 | 不定式:表示目的/主动/将来 |
| doing | 主动、进行 | 现在分词/动名词 |
| done | 被动、完成 | 过去分词表示被动/完成 |
flowchart LR
A[非谓语三兄弟] --> B["to do<br/>目的/将来/主动<br/>want/hope/decide"]
A --> C["doing<br/>主动/进行<br/>enjoy/finish/avoid"]
A --> D["done<br/>被动/完成<br/>表被动或已完成"]
style A fill:#2F6B9E,color:#fff
style B fill:#C0392B,color:#fff
style C fill:#27AE60,color:#fff
style D fill:#E67E22,color:#fff📌 记忆:to do 表目的将来、doing 表主动进行、done 表被动完成——先看主被动,再看时态先后。
常考固定搭配
只接 to do 的动词:
want, hope, wish, expect, decide, plan, refuse, promise, afford, agree
只接 doing 的动词:
enjoy, finish, avoid, consider, practice, suggest, mind, keep, imagine
既接 to do 又接 doing 意义不同:
| 动词 | to do | doing |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得要去做 | 记得做过 |
| forget | 忘记要去做 | 忘记做过 |
| stop | 停下来去做 | 停止做 |
| try | 努力去做 | 尝试做 |
| regret | 遗憾要去做 | 后悔做过 |
六、语法填空解题技巧
纯填空(无提示词)
| 空格位置 | 可能填的词 |
|---|---|
| 名词前 | 冠词(a/an/the)、限定词、介词 |
| 动词前 | 情态动词、助动词 |
| 两句之间 | 连词(and, but, or, when, because...) |
| 句中 | 关系词(who, which, that, where...) |
有提示词
| 提示词词性 | 可能变形成 |
|---|---|
| 动词 | 时态、语态、非谓语(to do/doing/done) |
| 形容词 | 副词(-ly)、比较级/最高级 |
| 名词 | 复数、词性转换(→形容词) |
秒杀口诀
时态看标志词,完成时找since/for被动公式be+done,主动表被动要记牢定语从句找先行,虚拟后退一个时非谓语三选一,to do目的doing主动done被动
[VOICE: 语法重点抓三大从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词,这三个板块占语法考题的七成以上,先把它们吃透!]